References

Genera Cellulatum Home / List of Genera

References

Takashi Nakada

25 December 2012

References for Bacteria (excluding Cyanobacteria)
References for Cyanobacteria
References for Archaea
References for Amoebozoa (excluding Mycetozoa)
References for Mycetozoa
References for choanozoans
References for Porifera
References for Anthozoa
References for Hydrozoa
References for residual Medusozoa
References for Myxozoa
References for Ctenophora
References for Nemertea
References for Rotifera (excluding Acanthocephala)
References for Acanthocephala
References for residual Lophotrochozoa
References for residual Ecdysozoa
References for chaetognaths
References for Xenacoelomorpha
References for Hemichordata
References for tunicates
References for fishes
References for amphibians
References for reptiles
References for birds
References for Mammalia
References for residual Animalia
References for Microsporidia
References for Cercozoa (excluding Chlorarachniophyceae)
References for Chlorarachniophyceae
References for Foraminifera
References for Radiozoa
References for residual Rhizaria
References for Excavata (excluding Euglenophyceae)
References for Euglenophyceae
References for dinophytes
References for Apicomplexa
References for Ciliophora
References for residual alveolates
References for Cryptobiontes
References for straminipilous Fungi
References for straminipilous Protozoa
References for Chrysophyceae
References for Xanthophyceae
References for some ochrophytes
References for prasinophytes
References for Trebouxiophyceae
References for charophytes
References for bryophytes
References for ferns
References for Gymnospermae
References for Angiospermae
References for Rhodophyta
References for Glaucocystophyta
References for Haptophyta
References for Eucarya incertae sedis

References for Bacteria (excluding Cyanobacteria)

Abraham, W.-R. et al. Woodsholea maritima gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine bacterium with a low diversity of polar lipids. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 1227-1234 (2004).

Adachi, K. et al. Smaragdicoccus niigatensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the suborder Corynebacterineae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 297-301 (2007).

Addou, A. N. et al. Melghirimyces algeriensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the family Thermoactinomycetaceae, isolated from a salt lake. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 1491-1498 (2012).

Ahmed, I., Yokota, A., Yamazoe, A. & Fujiwara, T. Proposal of Lysinibacillus boronitolerans gen. nov. sp. nov., and transfer of Bacillus fusiformis to Lysinibacillus fusiformis comb. nov. and Bacillus sphaericus to Lysinibacillus sphaericus comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 1117-1125 (2007).

Akasaka, H., Ueki, A., Hanada, S., Kamagata, Y. & Ueki, K. Propionicimonas paludicola gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel facultatively anaerobic, Gram-positive, propionate-producing bacterium isolated from plant residue in irrigated rice-field soil. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 53, 1991-1998 (2003).

Alain, K., Intertaglia, L., Catala, P. & Lebaron, P. Eudoraea adriatica gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel marine bacterium of the family Flavobacteriaceae. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 58, 2275-2281 (2008).

Alain, K., Tindall, B. J., Intertaglia, L., Catala, P. & Lebaron, P. Hellea balneolensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a prosthecate alphaproteobacterium from the Mediterranean Sea. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 2511-2519 (2008).

Alain, K., Tindall, B. J., Catala, P., Intertaglia, L. & Lebaron, P. Ekhidna lutea gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the phylum Bacteroidetes isolated from the South East Pacific Ocean. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 2972-2978 (2010).

Albert, R. A. et al. Proposal of Viridibacillus gen. nov. and reclassification of Bacillus arvi, Bacillus arenosi and Bacillus neidei as Viridibacillus arvi gen. nov., comb. nov., Viridibacillus arenosi comb. nov. and Viridibacillus neidei comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 2729-2737 (2007).

Albuquerque, L. et al. Salirhabdus euzebyi gen. nov., sp. nov., a Gram-positive, halotolerant bacterium isolated from a sea salt evaporation pond. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 1566-1571 (2007).

Albuquerque, L. et al. Truepera radiovictrix gen. nov., sp. nov., a new radiation resistant species and the proposal of Trueperaceae fam. nov. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 247, 161-169 (2005).

Albuquerque, L., Rainey, F. A., Nobre, M. F. & da Costa, M. S. Elioraea tepidiphila gen. nov., sp. nov., a slightly thermophilic member of the Alphaproteobacteria. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 773-778 (2008).

Albuquerque, L. et al. Tepidamorphus gemmatus gen. nov., sp. nov., a slightly thermophilic member of the Alphaproteobacteria. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 33, 60-66 (2010).

Albuquerque, L., Rainey, F. A., Nobre, M. F. & da Costa, M. S. Schleiferia thermophila gen. nov., sp. nov., a slightly thermophilic bacterium of the phylum ‘Bacteroidetes’ and the proposal of Schleiferiaceae fam. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 2450-2455 (2011).

Albuquerque, L. et al. Gaiella occulta gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel representative of a deep branching phylogenetic lineage within the class Actinobacteria and proposal of Gaiellaceae fam. nov. and Gaiellales ord. nov. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 34, 595-599 (2011).

Albuquerque, L., Rainey, F. A., Nobre, M. F. & da Costa, M. S. Oceanicella actignis gen. nov., sp. nov., a halophilic slightly thermophilic member of the Alphaproteobacteria. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 35, 385-389 (2012).

Allen, T. D., Lawson, P. A., Collins, M. D., Falsen, E. & Tanner, R. S. Cloacibacterium normanense gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel bacterium in the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from municipal wastewater. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 1311-1316 (2006).

Allen, T. D., Caldwell, M. E., Lawson, P. A., Huhnke, R. L. & Tanner, R. S. Alkalibaculum bacchi gen. nov., sp. nov., a CO-oxidizing, ethanol-producing acetogen isolated from livestock-impacted soil. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 2483-2489 (2010).

Al Masalma, M., Raoult, D. & Roux, V. Phocaeicola abscessus gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic bacterium isolated from a human brain abscess sample. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 2232-2237 (2009).

Alonso-Vega, P., Carro, L., Martínez-Molina, E. & Trujillo, M. E. Auraticoccus monumenti gen. nov., sp. nov., an actinomycete isolated from a deteriorated sandstone monument. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 1098-1103 (2011).

Alves, M. et al. Nosocomiicoccus ampullae gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from the surface of bottles of saline solution used in wound cleansing. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 2939-2944 (2008).

Amakata, S. et al. Mitsuaria chitosanitabida gen. nov., sp. nov., an aerobic, chitosanase-producing member of the ‘Betaproteobacteria’. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 1927-1932 (2005).

An, D.-S., Im, W.-T., Yang, H.-C. & Lee, S.-T. Shinella granuli gen. nov., sp. nov., and proposal of the reclassification of Zoogloea ramigera ATCC 19623 as Shinella zoogloeoides sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 443-448 (2006).

An, D.-S., Lee, H.-G., Im, W.-T., Liu, Q.-M. & Lee, S.-T. Segetibacter koreensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the phylum Bacteroidetes, isolated from the soil of a ginseng field in South Korea. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 1828-1833 (2007).

An, S.-Y., Asahara, M., Goto, K., Kasai, H. & Yokota, A. Terribacillus saccharophilus gen. nov., sp. nov. and Terribacillus halophilus sp. nov., spore-forming bacteria isolated from field soil in Japan. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 51-55 (2007).

An, S.-Y., Xiao, T. & Yokota, A. Schumannella luteola gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel genus of the family Microbacteriaceae. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 54, 253-258 (2008).

Anandham, R., Weon, H.-Y., Kim, S.-J., Kim, Y.-S. & Kwon, S.-W. Rhodocytophaga aerolata gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Cytophagaceae isolated from air. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 1554-1558 (2010).

Anan'ina, L. N., Plotnikova, E. G., Gavrish, E. Y., Demakov, V. A. & Evtushenko, L. I. Salinicola socius gen. nov., sp. nov., a moderately halophilic bacterium from a naphthalene-utilizing microbial association. Microbiology 76, 324-330 (2007).

Angen, Ø., Ahrens, P., Kuhnert, P., Christensen, H. & Mutters, R. Proposal of Histophilus somni gen. nov., sp. nov. for the three species incertae sedis ‘Haemophilus somnus’, ‘Haemophilus agni’ and ‘Histophilus ovis’. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 53, 1449-1456 (2003).

Anil Kumar, P., Srinivas, T. N. R., Sasikala, C., Ramana, C. V. & Imhoff, J. F. Thiophaeococcus mangrovi gen. nov., sp. nov., a photosynthetic, marine gammaproteobacterium isolated from the Bhitarkanika mangrove forest of India. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 2660-2664 (2008).

Anil Kumar, P., Srinivas, T. N. R., Manorama, M. R. & Shivaji, S. Indibacter alkaliphilus gen. nov., sp. nov., an alkaliphilic bacterium isolated from a haloalkaline lake. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 721-726 (2010).

Anil Kumar, P., Srinivas, T. N. R., Pavan Kumar, P., Madhu, S. & Shivaji, S. Nitritalea halalkaliphila gen. nov., sp. nov., an alkaliphilic bacterium of the family ‘Cyclobacteriaceae’, phylum Bacteroidetes. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 2320-2325 (2010).

Anil Kumar, P., Srinivas, T. N. R., Manasa, P., Madhu, S. & Shivaji, S. Lutibaculum baratangense gen. nov., sp. nov., a proteobacterium isolated from a mud volcano. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 2025-2031 (2012).

Anil Kumar, P. et al. Cecembia lonarensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a haloalkalitolerant bacterium of the family Cyclobacteriaceae, isolated from a haloalkaline lake and emended descriptions of the genera Indibacter, Nitritalea and Belliella. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 2252-2258 (2012).

Antunes, A., Eder, W., Fareleira, P., Santos, H. & Huber, R. Salinisphaera shabanensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel, moderately halophilic bacterium from the brine-seawater interface of the Shaban Deep, Red Sea. Extremophiles 7, 29-34 (2003).

Antunes, A. et al. A new lineage of halophilic, wall-less, contractile bacteria from a brine-filled deep of the Red Sea. J. Bacteriol. 190, 3580-3587 (2008).

Anzai, K. et al. Flexivirga alba gen. nov., sp. nov., an actinobacterial taxon in the family Dermacoccaceae. J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 64, 613-616 (2011).

Ara, I. & Kudo, T. Krasilnikovia gen. nov., a new member of the family Micromonosporaceae and description of Krasilnikovia cinnamonea sp. nov. Actinomycetologica 21, 1-10 (2007).

Ara, I. & Kudo, T. Luedemannella gen. nov., a new member of the family Micromonosporaceae and description of Luedemannella helvata sp. nov. and Luedemannella flava sp. nov. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 53, 39-51 (2007).

Ara, I. & Kudo, T. Sphaerosporangium gen. nov., a new member of the family Streptosporangiaceae, with descriptions of three new species as Sphaerosporangium melleum sp. nov., Sphaerosporangium rubeum sp. nov. and Sphaerosporangium cinnabarinum sp. nov., and transfer of Streptosporangium viridialbum Nonomura and Ohara 1960 to Sphaerosporangium viridialbum comb. nov. Actinomycetologica 21, 11-21 (2007).

Ara, I. et al. Pseudosporangium ferrugineum gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Micromonosporaceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 1644-1652 (2008).

Ara, I., Bakir, M. A. & Kudo, T. Transfer of Catellatospora koreensis Lee et al. 2000 as Catelliglobosispora koreensis gen. nov., comb. nov. and Catellatospora tsunoense Asano et al. 1989 as Hamadaea tsunoensis gen. nov., comb. nov., and emended description of the genus Catellatospora Asano and Kawamoto 1986 emend. Lee and Hah 2002. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 1950-1960 (2008).

Ara, I., Yamamura, H., Tsetseg, B., Daram, D. & Ando, K. Luteipulveratus mongoliensis gen. nov., sp. nov., an actinobacterial taxon in the family Dermacoccaceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 574-579 (2010).

Arahal, D. R. et al. Neptuniibacter caesariensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel marine genome-sequenced gammaproteobacterium. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 1000-1006 (2007).

Arahal, D. R., Macián, M. C., Garay, E. & Pujalte, M. J. Thalassobius mediterraneus gen. nov., sp. nov., and reclassification of Ruegeria gelatinovorans as Thalassobius gelatinovorus comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 2371-2376 (2005).

Arora, P. K. et al. Chryseomicrobium imtechense gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Planococcaceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 1859-1864 (2011).

Arun, A. B. et al. Pseudoxanthobacter soli gen. nov., sp. nov., a nitrogen-fixing alphaproteobacterium isolated from soil. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 1571-1575 (2008).

Arun, A. B. et al. Lutaonella thermophila gen. nov., sp. nov., a moderately thermophilic member of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from a coastal hot spring. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 2069-2073 (2009).

Asker, D., Beppu, T. & Ueda, K. Mesoflavibacter zeaxanthinifaciens gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel zeaxanthinproducing marine bacterium of the family Flavobacteriaceae. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 30, 291-296 (2007).

Asker, D., Beppu, T. & Ueda, K. Nubsella zeaxanthinifaciens gen. nov., sp. nov., a zeaxanthin-producing bacterium of the family Sphingobacteriaceae isolated from freshwater. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 601-606 (2008).

Asker, D., Beppu, T. & Ueda, K. Zeaxanthinibacter enoshimensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel zeaxanthin-producing marine bacterium of the family Flavobacteriaceae, isolated from seawater off Enoshima Island, Japan. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 837-843 (2007).

Audiffrin, C. et al. Desulfonauticus submarinus gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel sulfate-reducing bacterium isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 53, 1585-1590 (2003).

Bae, H.-S. et al. Brooklawnia cerclae gen. nov., sp. nov., a propionate-forming bacterium isolated from chlorosolvent-contaminated groundwater. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 1977-1983 (2006).

Bae, H.-S. et al. Propionicicella superfundia gen. nov., sp. nov., a chlorosolvent-tolerant propionate-forming, facultative anaerobic bacterium isolated from contaminated groundwater. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 29, 404-413 (2006).

Bae, S. S. et al. Flagellimonas eckloniae gen. nov., sp. nov., a mesophilic marine bacterium of the family Flavobacteriaceae, isolated from the rhizosphere of Ecklonia kurome. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 1050-1054 (2007).

Baena, S., Perdomo, N., Carvajal, C., Díaz, C. & Patel, B. K. C. Desulfosoma caldarium gen. nov., sp. nov., a thermophilic sulfate-reducing bacterium from a terrestrial hot spring. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 732-736 (2011).

Baik, K. S., Park, S. C., Kim, H. J., Lee, K. H. & Seong, C. N. Chryseoglobus frigidaquae gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the family Microbacteriaceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 1311-1316 (2010).

Balk, M., Altınbaş, M., Rijpstra, W. I. C., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S. & Stams, A. J. M. Desulfatirhabdium butyrativorans gen. nov., sp. nov., a butyrate-oxidizing, sulfate-reducing bacterium isolated from an anaerobic bioreactor. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 110-115 (2008).

Banciu, H. L. et al. Influence of salts and pH on growth and activity of a novel facultatively alkaliphilic, extremely salt-tolerant, obligately chemolithoautotrophic sufur-oxidizing Gammaproteobacterium Thioalkalibacter halophilus gen. nov., sp. nov. from South-Western Siberian soda lakes. Extremophiles 12, 391-404 (2008).

Behrendt, U. et al. Reclassification of Leifsonia ginsengi (Qiu et al. 2007) as Herbiconiux ginsengi gen. nov., comb. nov. and description of Herbiconiux solani sp. nov., an actinobacterium associated with the phyllosphere of Solanum tuberosum L. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 1039-1047 (2011).

Belova, S. E., Pankratov, T. A., Detkova, E. N., Kaparullina, E. N. & Dedysh, S. N. Acidisoma tundrae gen. nov., sp. nov. and Acidisoma sibiricum sp. nov., two acidophilic, psychrotolerant members of the Alphaproteobacteria from acidic northern wetlands. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 2283-2290 (2009).

Belyakova, E. V. et al. The new facultatively chemolithoautotrophic, moderately halophilic, sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfovermiculus halophilus gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from an oil field. Microbiology (English translation of Mikrobiologiia) 75, 161-171 (2006).

Ben Ali Gam, Z. et al. Modicisalibacter tunisiensis gen. nov., sp. nov., an aerobic, moderately halophilic bacterium isolated from an oilfield-water injection sample, and emended description of the family Halomonadaceae Franzmann et al. 1989 emend Dobson and Franzmann 1996 emend. Ntougias et al. 2007. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 2307-2313 (2007).

Ben Hania, W. et al. Defluviitoga tunisiensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a thermophilic bacterium isolated from a mesothermic and anaerobic whey digester. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 1377-1382 (2012).

Berestovskaya, J. J. et al. Methylorosula polaris gen. nov., sp. nov., an aerobic, facultatively methylotrophic psychrotolerant bacterium from tundra wetland soil. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 638-646 (2012).

Biebl, H. et al. Dinoroseobacter shibae gen. nov., sp. nov., a new aerobic phototrophic bacterium isolated from dinoflagellates. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 1089-1096 (2005).

Biebl, H. et al. Description of Labrenzia alexandrii gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel alphaproteobacterium containing bacteriochlorophyll a, and a proposal for reclassification of Stappia aggregata as Labrenzia aggregata comb. nov., of Stappia marina as Labrenzia marina comb. nov. and of Stappia alba as Labrenzia alba comb. nov., and emended descriptions of the genera Pannonibacter, Stappia and Roseibium, and of the species Roseibium denhamense and Roseibium hamelinense. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 1095-1107 (2007).

Blackall, P. J., Bojesen, A. M., Christensen, H. & Bisgaard, M. Reclassification of [Pasteurella] trehalosi as Bibersteinia trehalosi gen. nov., comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 666-674 (2007).

Blackall, P. J., Christesen, H., Beckenham, T., Blackall, L. L. & Bisgaard, M. Reclassification of Pasteurella gallinarum, [Haemophilus] paragallinarum, Pasteurella avium and Pasteurella volantium as Avibacterium gallinarum gen. nov., comb. nov., Avibacterium paragallinarum comb. nov., Avibacterium avium comb. nov. and Avibacterium volantium comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 353-362 (2005).

Boga, H. I., Ji, R., Ludwig, W. & Brune, A. Sporotalea propionica gen. nov. sp. nov., a hydrogen-oxidizing, oxygen-reducing, propionigenic firmicute from the intestinal tract of a soil-feeding termite. Arch. Microbiol. 187, 15-27 (2007).

Bogan, B. W. et al. Alkanindiges illinoisensis gen. nov., sp. nov., an obligately hydrocarbonoclastic, aerobic squalane-degrading bacterium isolated from oilfield soils. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 53, 1389-1395 (2003).

Boldareva, E. N. et al. Rubribacterium polymorphum gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel alkaliphilic nonsulfur purple bacterium from an Eastern Siberian soda lake. Microbiology 78, 732-740 (2009).

Bondoso, J. et al. Aquisphaera giovannonii gen. nov., sp. nov. A novel planctomycete isolated from a freshwater aquarium. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 2844-2850 (2011).

Bonilla Salinas, M. et al. Mahella australiensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a moderately thermophilic anaerobic bacterium isolated from an Australian oil well. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 2169-2173 (2004).

Bonilla Salinas, M. et al. Petrobacter succinatimandens gen. nov., sp. nov., a moderately thermophilic, nitrate-reducing bacterium isolated from an Australian oil well. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 645-649 (2004).

Bowman, J. P. & Nichols, D. S. Novel members of the family Flavobacteriaceae from Antarctic maritime habitats including Subsaximicrobium wynnwilliamsii gen. nov., sp. nov., Subsaximicrobium saxinquilinus sp. nov., Subsaxibacter broadyi gen. nov., sp. nov., Lacinutrix copepodicola gen. nov., sp. nov., and novel species of the genera Bizionia, Gelidibacter and Gillisia. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 1471-1486 (2005).

Bowman, J. P., Mancuso Nichols, C. & Gibson, J. A. E. Algoriphagus ratkowskyi gen. nov., sp. nov., Brumimicrobium glaciale gen. nov., sp. nov., Cryomorpha ignava gen. nov., sp. nov. and Crocinitomix catalasitica gen. nov., sp. nov., novel flavobacteria isolated from various polar habitats. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 53, 1343-1355 (2003).

Brady, C. et al. Description of Gibbsiella quercinecans gen. nov., sp. nov., associated with Acute Oak Decline. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 33, 444-450 (2010).

Brady, C. L. et al. Proposal to reclassify Brenneria quercina (Hildebrand and Schroth 1967) Hauben et al. 1999 into a new genus, Lonsdalea gen. nov., as Lonsdalea quercina comb. nov., descriptions of Lonsdalea quercina subsp. quercina comb. nov., Lonsdalea quercina subsp. iberica subsp. nov. and Lonsdalea quercina subsp. britannica subsp. nov., emendation of the description of the genus Brenneria, reclassification of Dickeya dieffenbachiae as Dickeya dadantii subsp. dieffenbachiae comb. nov., and emendation of the description of Dickeya dadantii. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 1592-1602 (2012).

Brettar, I., Christen, R. & Höfle, M. G. Aquiflexum balticum gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel marine bacterium of the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides group isolated from surface water of the central Baltic Sea. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 2335-2341 (2004).

Brettar, I., Christen, R. & Höfle, M. G. Belliella baltica gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel marine bacterium of the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides group isolated from surface water of the central Baltic Sea. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 65-70 (2004).

Brettar, I., Christen, R., Bötel, J., Lünsdorf, H. & Höfle, M. G. Anderseniella baltica gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel marine bacterium of the Alphaproteobacteria isolated from sediment in the central Baltic Sea. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 2399-2405 (2007).

Bruland, N., Bathe, S., Willems, A. & Steinbüchel, A. Pseudorhodoferax soli gen. nov., sp. nov. and Pseudorhodoferax caeni sp. nov., two members of the class Betaproteobacteria belonging to the family Comamonadaceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 2702-2707 (2009).

Busse, H.-J. in Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd Edn, Vol. 5, The Actinobacteria, Part A (eds. Goodfellow, M. et al.) 571 (Springer, New York, 2012).

Busti, E. et al. Catenulispora acidiphila gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel, mycelium-forming actinomycete, and proposal of Catenulisporaceae fam. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 1741-1746 (2006).

Butler, W. R. et al. Novel mycolic acid-containing bacteria in the family Segniliparaceae fam. nov., including the genus Segniliparus gen. nov., with descriptions of Segniliparus rotundus sp. nov. and Segniliparus rugosus sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 1615-1624 (2005).

Cai, S. & Dong, X. Cellulosilyticum ruminicola gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from the rumen of yak, and reclassification of Clostridium lentocellum as Cellulosilyticum lentocellum comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 845-849 (2010).

Cao, Y.-R. et al. Enteractinococcus coprophilus gen. nov., sp. nov., of the family Micrococcaceae, isolated from Panthera tigris amoyensis faeces, and transfer of Yaniella fodinae Dhanjal et al. 2011 to the genus Enteractinococcus as Enteractinococcus fodinae comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 2710-2716 (2012).

Carlier, J.-P., K'ouas, G. & Han, X. Y. Moryella indoligenes gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic bacterium isolated from clinical specimens. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 725-729 (2007).

Carlier, J.-P., K'ouas, G., Bonne, I., Lozniewski, A. & Mory, F. Oribacterium sinus gen. nov., sp. nov., within the family ‘Lachnospiraceae’ (phylum Firmicutes). Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 1611-1615 (2004).

Carlier, J.-P., Bedora-Faure, M., K'ouas, G., Alauzet, C. & Mory, F. Proposal to unify Clostridium orbiscindens Winter et al. 1991 and Eubacterium plautii (Séguin 1928) Hofstad and Aasjord 1982, with description of Flavonifractor plautii gen. nov., comb. nov., and reassignment of Bacteroides capillosus to Pseudoflavonifractor capillosus gen. nov., comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 585-590 (2010).

Carlsohn, M. R., Groth, I., Saluz, H.-P., Schumann, P. & Stackebrandt, E. Fodinicola feengrottensis gen. nov., sp. nov., an actinomycete isolated from a medieval mine. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 1529-1536 (2008).

Carrasco, I. J. et al. Salsuginibacillus kocurii gen. nov., sp. nov., a moderately halophilic bacterium from soda-lake sediment. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 2381-2386 (2007).

Carrasco, I. J. et al. Sediminibacillus halophilus gen. nov., sp. nov., a moderately halophilic, Gram-positive bacterium from a hypersaline lake. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 1961-1967 (2008).

Cavaletti, L. et al. Actinospica robiniae gen. nov., sp. nov. and Actinospica acidiphila sp. nov.: proposal for Actinospicaceae fam. nov. and Catenulisporinae subord. nov. in the order Actinomycetales. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 1747-1753 (2006).

Cavaletti, L. et al. New lineage of filamentous, spore-forming, gram-positive bacteria from soil. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72, 4360-4369 (2006).

Chang, S.-C. Chitinimonas taiwanensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel chitinolytic bacterium isolated from a freshwater pond for shrimp culture. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 27, 43-49 (2004).

Chang, S.-C., Chen, W.-M., Wang, J.-T. & Wu, M.-C. Chitinilyticum aquatile gen. nov., sp. nov., a chitinolytic bacterium isolated from a freshwater pond used for Pacific white shrimp culture. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 2854-2860 (2007).

Chang, X., Liu, W. & Zhang, X.-H. Spinactinospora alkalitolerans gen. nov., sp. nov., an actinomycete isolated from marine sediment. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 2805-2810 (2011).

Chang, X., Liu, W. & Zhang, X.-H. Salinactinospora qingdaonensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a halophilic actinomycete isolated from a salt pond. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 954-959 (2012).

Chen, C. et al. Stakelama pacifica gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Sphingomonadaceae isolated from the Pacific Ocean. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 2857-2861 (2010).

Chen, M.-H. et al. Pseudoteredinibacter isoporae gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine bacterium isolated from the reef-building coral Isopora palifera. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 1887-1893 (2011).

Chen, S. & Dong, X. Acetanaerobacterium elongatum gen. nov., sp. nov., from paper mill waste water. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 2257-2262 (2004).

Chen, S. & Dong, X. Proteiniphilum acetatigenes gen. nov., sp. nov., from a UASB reactor treating brewery wastewater. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 2257-2261 (2005).

Chen, S., Song, L. & Dong, X. Sporacetigenium mesophilum gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from an anaerobic digester treating municipal solid waste and sewage. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 721-725 (2006).

Chen, S., Niu, L. & Zhang, Y. Saccharofermentans acetigenes gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic bacterium isolated from sludge treating brewery wastewater. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 2735-2738 (2010).

Chen, W.-M., Yang, S.-H., Huang, W.-C., Cheng, C.-Y. & Sheu, S.-Y. Chitinivorax tropicus gen. nov., sp. nov., a chitinolytic bacterium isolated from a freshwater lake. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 1086-1091 (2012).

Chern, L.-L. et al. Chitinibacter tainanensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a chitin-degrading aerobe from soil in Taiwan. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 1387-1391 (2004).

Cho, J.-C. & Giovannoni, S. J. Fulvimarina pelagi gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine bacterium that forms a deep evolutionary lineage of descent in the order ‘Rhizobiales’. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 53, 1853-1859 (2003).

Cho, J.-C. & Giovannoni, S. J. Oceanicola granulosus gen. nov., sp. nov. and Oceanicola batsensis sp. nov., poly-β-hydroxybutyrate-producing marine bacteria in the order ‘Rhodobacterales’. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 1129-136 (2004).

Cho, J.-C. & Giovannoni, S. J. Pelagibaca bermudensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel marine bacterium within the Roseobacter clade in the order Rhodobacterales. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 855-859 (2006).

Cho, J.-C. & Giovannoni, S. J. Robiginitalea biformata gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel marine bacterium in the family Flavobacteriaceae with a higher G+C content. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 1101-1106 (2004).

Cho, J.-C., Vergin, K. L., Morris, R. M. & Giovannoni, S. J. Lentisphaera araneosa gen. nov., sp. nov, a transparent exopolymer producing marine bacterium, and the description of a novel bacterial phylum, Lentisphaerae. Environ. Microbiol. 6, 611-621 (2004).

Choi, D. H. & Cho, B. C. Citreimonas salinaria gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the Roseobacter clade isolated from a solar saltern. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 2799-2803 (2006).

Choi, D. H. & Cho, B. C. Lutibacter litoralis gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine bacterium of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from tidal flat sediment. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 771-776 (2006).

Choi, D. H. & Cho, B. C. Shimia marina gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel bacterium of the Roseobacter clade isolated from biofilm in a coastal fish farm. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 1869-1873 (2006).

Choi, D. H., Cho, J.-C., Lanoil, B. D., Giovannoni, S. J. & Cho, B. C. Maribius salinus gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a solar saltern and Maribius pelagius sp. nov., cultured from the Sargasso Sea, belonging to the Roseobacter clade. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 270-275 (2007).

Choi, D. H., Hwang, C. Y. & Cho, B. C. Pelagibius litoralis gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine bacterium in the family Rhodospirillaceae isolated from coastal seawater. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 818-823 (2009).

Choi, D. H., Zhang, G. I., Noh, J. H., Kim, W.-S. & Cho, B. C. Gracilimonas tropica gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a Synechococcus culture. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 1167-1172 (2009).

Choi, E. J., Kwon, H. C., Sohn, Y. C. & Yang, H. O. Kistimonas asteriae gen. nov., sp. nov., a gammaproteobacterium isolated from Asterias amurensis. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 938-943 (2010).

Choo, Y.-J., Lee, K., Song, J. & Cho, J.-C. Puniceicoccus vermicola gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel marine bacterium, and description of Puniceicoccaceae fam. nov., Puniceicoccales ord. nov., Opitutaceae fam. nov., Opitutales ord. nov. and Opitutae classis nov. in the phylum ‘Verrucomicrobia’. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 532-537 (2007).

Christensen, H., Bisgaard, M., Aalbæk, B. & Olsen, J. E. Reclassification of Bisgaard taxon 33, with proposal of Volucribacter psittacicida gen. nov., sp. nov. and Volucribacter amazonae sp. nov. as new members of the Pasteurellaceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 813-818 (2004).

Christensen, H. et al. Classification of organisms previously reported as the SP and Stewart-Letscher groups, with descriptions of Necropsobacter gen. nov. and of Necropsobacter rosorum sp. nov. for organisms of the SP group. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 1829-1836 (2011).

Chu, J.-N. et al. Agaricicola taiwanensis gen. nov., sp. nov., an alphaproteobacterium isolated from the edible mushroom Agaricus blazei. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 2032-2035 (2010).

Clavel, T., Lippman, R., Gavini, F., Doré, J. & Blaut, M. Clostridium saccharogumia sp. nov. and Lactonifactor longoviformis gen. nov., sp. nov., two novel human faecal bacteria involved in the conversion of the dietary phytoestrogen secoisolariciresinol diglucoside. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 30, 16-26 (2007).

Clavel, T. et al. Isolation of bacteria from the ileal mucosa of TNF^deltaARE mice and description of Enterorhabdus mucosicola gen. nov., sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 1805-1812 (2009).

Coenye, T. et al. Advenella incenata gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the Alcaligenaceae, isolated from various clinical samples. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 251-256 (2005).

Coenye, T. et al. Kerstersia gyiorum gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel Alcaligenes faecalis-like organism isolated from human clinical samples, and reclassification of Alcaligenes denitrificans Rüger and Tan 1983 as Achromobacter denitrificans comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 53, 1825-1831 (2003).

Collins, M. D. et al. Arsenicicoccus bolidensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel actinomycete isolated from contaminated lake sediment. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 605-608 (2004).

Collins, M. D., Wiernik, A., Falsen, E. & Lawson, P. A. Atopococcus tabaci gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel Gram-positive, catalase-negative, coccus-shaped bacterium isolated from tobacco. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 1693-1696 (2005).

Cook, A. R., Riley, P. W., Murdoch, H., Evans, P. N. & McDonald, I. R. Howardella ureilytica gen. nov., sp. nov., a Gram-positive, coccoid-shaped bacterium from a sheep rumen. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 2940-2945 (2007).

Cook, D. M., DeCrescenzo Henriksen, E., Rogers, T. E. & Peterson, J. D. Klugiella xanthotipulae gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the family Microbacteriaceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 2779-2782 (2008).

Coorevits, A. et al. Taxonomic revision of the genus Geobacillus: emendation of Geobacillus, G. stearothermophilus, G. jurassicus, G. toebii, G. thermodenitrificans and G. thermoglucosidans (nom. corrig., formerly &slquo;thermoglucosidasius’); transfer of Bacillus thermantarcticus to the genus as G. thermantarcticus comb. nov.; proposal of Caldibacillus debilis gen. nov., comb. nov.; transfer of G. tepidamans to Anoxybacillus as A. tepidamans comb. nov.; and proposal of Anoxybacillus caldiproteolyticus sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 1470-1485 (2012).

Cotta, M. A., Whitehead, T. R., Collins, M. D. & Lawson, P. A. Atopostipes suicloacale gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from an underground swine manure storage pit. Anaerobe 10, 191-195 (2004).

Cotta, M. A., Whitehead, T. R., Falsen, E., Moore, E. & Lawson, P. A. Robinsoniella peoriensis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a swine-manure storage pit and a human clinical source. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 150-155 (2009).

Cramer, M. J., Haghshenas, N., Bagwell, C. E., Matsui, G. Y. & Lovell, C. R. Celerinatantimonas diazotrophica gen. nov., sp. nov., a nitrogen-fixing bacterium representing a new family in the Gammaproteobacteria, Celerinatantimonadaceae fam. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 1053-1060 (2011).

Cravo-Laureau, C., Labat, C., Joulian, C., Matheron, R. & Hirschler-Réa, A. Desulfatiferula olefinivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., a long-chain n-alkene-degrading, sulfate-reducing bacterium. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 2699-2702 (2007).

Cravo-Laureau, C., Matheron, R., Cayol, J.-L., Joulian, C. & Hirschler-Réa, A. Desulfatibacillum aliphaticivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., an n-alkane- and n-alkene-degrading, sulfate-reducing bacterium. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 77-83 (2004).

Csotonyi, J. T., Stackebrandt, E., Swiderski, J., Schumann, P. & Yurkov, V. Chromocurvus halotolerans gen. nov., sp. nov., a gammaproteobacterial obligately aerobic anoxygenic phototroph, isolated from a Canadian hypersaline spring. Arch. Microbiol. 193, 573-582 (2011).

Cui, H.-L. et al. Halogranum rubrum gen. nov., sp. nov., a halophilic archaeon isolated from a marine solar saltern. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 1366-1371 (2010).

Cui, X. et al. Myceligenerans xiligouense gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel hyphae-forming member of the family Promicromonosporaceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 1287-1293 (2004).

Dahle, H. & Birkeland, N.-K. Thermovirga lienii gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel moderately thermophilic, anaerobic, amino-acid-degrading bacterium isolated from a North Sea oil well. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 1539-1545 (2006).

Dai, X., Wang, B.-J., Yang, Q.-X., Jiao, N.-Z. & Liu, S.-J. Yangia pacifica gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the Roseobacter clade from coastal sediment of the East China Sea. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 529-533 (2006).

Davidov, Y. & Jurkevitch, E. Diversity and evolution of Bdellovibrio-and-like organisms (BALOs), reclassification of Bacteriovorax starrii as Peredibacter starrii gen. nov., comb. nov., and description of the Bacteriovorax-Peredibacter clade as Bacteriovoracaceae fam. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 1439-1452 (2004).

Davidova, I. A., Duncan, K. E., Choi, O. K. & Suflita, J. M. Desulfoglaeba alkanexedens gen. nov., sp. nov., an n-alkane-degrading, sulfate-reducing bacterium. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 2737-2742 (2006).

de Boer, W. et al. Collimonas fungivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., a chitinolytic soil bacterium with the ability to grow on living fungal hyphae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 857-864 (2004).

De Meyer, S. E., Coorevits, A. & Willems, A. Tardiphaga robiniae gen. nov., sp. nov., a new genus in the family Bradyrhizobiaceae isolated from Robinia pseudoacacia in Flanders (Belgium). Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 35, 205-214 (2012).

Dedysh, S. N. et al. Bryocella elongata gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of subdivision 1 of the Acidobacteria isolated from a methanotrophic enrichment culture, and emended description of Edaphobacter aggregans Koch et al. 2008. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 654-664 (2012).

Denner, E. B. et al. Rubellimicrobium thermophilum gen. nov., sp. nov., a red-pigmented, moderately thermophilic bacterium isolated from coloured slime deposits in paper machines. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 1355-1362 (2006).

Derrien, M., Vaughan, E. E., Plugge, C. M. & de Vos, W. M. Akkermansia muciniphila gen. nov., sp. nov., a human intestinal mucin-degrading bacterium. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 1469-1476 (2004).

Díaz, C., Baena, S., Fardeau, M.-L. & Patel, B. K. C. Aminiphilus circumscriptus gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic amino-acid-degrading bacterium from an upflow anaerobic sludge reactor. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 1914-1918 (2007).

Díaz-Cárdenas, C., Patel, B. K. C. & Baena, S. Tistlia consotensis gen. nov., sp. nov., an aerobic, chemoheterotrophic, free-living, nitrogen-fixing alphaproteobacterium, isolated from a Colombian saline spring. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 1437-1443 (2010).

Didari, M. et al. Alteribacillus bidgolensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a moderately halophilic bacterium from a hypersaline lake, and reclassification of Bacillus persepolensis as Alteribacillus persepolensis comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 2691-2697 (2012).

Dimitriu, P. A. et al. Nitrincola lacisaponensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel alkaliphilic bacterium isolated from an alkaline, saline lake. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 2273-2278 (2005).

Ding, L. & Yokota, A. Proposals of Curvibacter gracilis gen. nov., sp. nov. and Herbaspirillum putei sp. nov. for bacterial strains isolated from well water and reclassification of [Pseudomonas] huttiensis, [Pseudomonas] lanceolata, [Aquaspirillum] delicatum and [Aquaspirillum] autotrophicum as Herbaspirillum huttiense comb. nov., Curvibacter lanceolatus comb. nov., Curvibacter delicatus comb. nov. and Herbaspirillum autotrophicum comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 2223-2230 (2004).

DiPippo, J. L. et al. Kosmotoga olearia gen. nov., sp. nov., a thermophilic, anaerobic heterotroph isolated from an oil production fluid. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 2991-3000 (2009).

Donachie, S. P., Bowman, J. P. & Alam, M. Nesiotobacter exalbescens gen. nov., sp. nov., a moderately thermophilic alphaproteobacterium from an Hawaiian hypersaline lake. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 563-567 (2006).

Doronina, N. V. et al. Chelativorans multitrophicus gen. nov., sp. nov. and Chelativorans oligotrophicus sp. nov., aerobic EDTA-degrading bacteria. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 1044-1051 (2010).

Downes, J. et al. Pyramidobacter piscolens gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the phylum ‘Synergistetes’ isolated from the human oral cavity. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 972-980 (2009).

Du, Z.-J. et al. Gilvimarinus chinensis gen. nov., sp. nov., an agar-digesting marine bacterium within the class Gammaproteobacteria isolated from coastal seawater in Qingdao, China. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 2987-2990 (2009).

Echigo, A., Fukushima, T., Mizuki, T., Kamekura, M. & Usami, R. Halalkalibacillus halophilus gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel moderately halophilic and alkaliphilic bacterium isolated from a non-saline soil sample in Japan. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 1081-1085 (2007).

Echigo, A., Minegishi, H., Mizuki, T., Kamekura, M. & Usami, R. Geomicrobium halophilum gen. nov., sp. nov., a moderately halophilic and alkaliphilic bacterium isolated from soil. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 990-995 (2010).

Echigo, A., Minegishi, H., Shimane, Y., Kamekura, M. & Usami, R. Natribacillus halophilus gen. nov., sp. nov., a moderately halophilic and alkalitolerant bacterium isolated from soil. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 289-294 (2012).

Eeckhaut, V. et al. Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic, butyrate-producing bacterium isolated from the caecal content of a broiler chicken. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 2799-2802 (2008).

Eichorst, S. A., Breznak, J. A. & Schmidt, T. M. Isolation and characterization of soil bacteria that define Terriglobus gen. nov., in the phylum Acidobacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73, 2708-2717 (2007).

Einen, J. & Øvreås, L. Flaviramulus basaltis gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from seafloor basalt. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 2455-2461 (2006).

Ekborg, N. A. et al. Saccharophagus degradans gen. nov., sp. nov., a versatile marine degrader of complex polysaccharides. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 1545-1549 (2005).

Ekman, J. V., Raulio, M., Busse, H.-J., Fewer, D. P. & Salkinoja-Salonen, M. Deinobacterium chartae gen. nov., sp. nov., an extremely radiation-resistant, biofilm-forming bacterium isolated from a Finnish paper mill. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 540-548 (2011).

Emerson, D. et al. A novel lineage of Proteobacteria involved in formation of marine Fe-oxidizing microbial mat communities. PLoS ONE 2, e667 (2007).

Endo, A. & Okada, S. Reclassification of the genus Leuconostoc and proposals of Fructobacillus fructosus gen. nov., comb. nov., Fructobacillus durionis comb. nov., Fructobacillus ficulneus comb. nov. and Fructobacillus pseudoficulneus comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 2195-2205 (2008).

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Fahrbach, M. et al. Steroidobacter denitrificans gen. nov., sp. nov., a steroidal hormone-degrading gammaproteobacterium. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 2215-2223 (2008).

Fahrbach, M., Kuever, J., Meinke, R., Kämpfer, P. & Hollender, J. Denitratisoma oestradiolicum gen. nov., sp. nov., a 17β-oestradiol-degrading, denitrifying betaproteobacterium. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 1547-1552 (2006).

Falsen, E. et al. Fastidiosipila sanguinis gen. nov., sp. nov., a new Gram-positive, coccus-shaped organism from human blood. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 853-858 (2005).

Fang, M.-X. et al. Brassicibacter mesophilus gen. nov., sp. nov., a strictly anaerobic bacterium isolated from food industry wastewater. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 3018-3023 (2012).

Fardeau, M.-L. et al. Isolation from oil reservoirs of novel thermophilic anaerobes phylogenetically related to Thermoanaerobacter subterraneus: reassignment of T. subterraneus, Thermoanaerobacter yonseiensis, Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis and Carboxydibrachium pacificum to Caldanaerobacter subterraneus gen. nov., sp. nov., comb. nov. as four novel subspecies. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 467-474 (2004).

Fardeau, M.-L., Ollivier, B. & Cayol, J. in Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd Edn, Vol. 3, The Firmicutes (eds. De Vos, P. et al.) 1241-1244 (Springer, Dordrecht, 2009).

Feng, Y. et al. Thermococcoides shengliensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the order Thermotogales isolated from oil-production fluid. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 932-937 (2010).

Fernandes, C. et al. Herminiimonas fonticola gen. nov., sp. nov., a Betaproteobacterium isolated from a source of bottled mineral water. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 28, 596-603 (2005).

Filippini, M. et al. Fibrella aestuarina gen. nov., sp. nov., a filamentous bacterium of the family Cytophagaceae isolated from a tidal flat, and emended description of the genus Rudanella Weon et al. 2008. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 184-189 (2011).

Filippini, M., Kaech, A., Ziegler, U. & Bagheri, H. C. Fibrisoma limi gen. nov., sp. nov., a filamentous bacterium isolated from tidal flats. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 1418-1424 (2011).

Finegold, S. M. et al. Anaerofustis stercorihominis gen. nov., sp. nov., from human feces. Anaerobe 10, 41-45 (2004).

Foesel, B. U., Gößner, A. S., Drake, H. L. & Schramm, A. Geminicoccus roseus gen. nov., sp. nov., an aerobic phototrophic Alphaproteobacterium isolated from a marine aquaculture biofilter. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 30, 581-586 (2007).

Foster, G. et al. Proposal of Bisgaardia hudsonensis gen. nov., sp. nov. and an additional genomospecies, isolated from seals, as new members of the family Pasteurellaceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 3016-3022 (2011).

França, L., Rainey, F. A., Nobre, M. F. & da Costa, M. S. Tepidicella xavieri gen. nov., sp. nov., a betaproteobacterium isolated from a hot spring runoff. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 907-912 (2006).

Friedrich, M. M. & Lipski, A. Alkanibacter difficilis gen. nov., sp. nov. and Singularimonas variicoloris gen. nov., sp. nov., hexane-degrading bacteria isolated from a hexane-treated biofilter. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 58, 2324-2329 (2008).

Fu, Y. et al. Oceanitalea nanhaiensis gen. nov., sp. nov., an actinobacterium isolated from seawater. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 2490-2494 (2012).

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Fukunaga, Y. et al. Phycisphaera mikurensis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a marine alga, and proposal of Phycisphaeraceae fam. nov., Phycisphaerales ord. nov. and Phycisphaerae classis nov. in the phylum Planctomycetes. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 55, 267-275 (2009).

Gallego, S. et al. Breoghania corrubedonensis gen. nov. sp. nov., a novel alphaproteobacterium isolated from a Galician beach (NW Spain) after the Prestige fuel oil spill, and emended description of the family Cohaesibacteraceae and the species Cohaesibacter gelatinilyticus. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 33, 316-321 (2010).

Ganesan, A. et al. Cloacibacillus evryensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel asaccharolytic, mesophilic, amino-acid-degrading bacterium within the phylum ‘Synergistetes’, isolated from an anaerobic sludge digester. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 2003-2012 (2008).

Garcia, R. O., Reichenbach, H., Ring, M. W. & Müller, R. Phaselicystis flava gen. nov., sp. nov., an arachidonic acid-containing soil myxobacterium, and the description of Phaselicystidaceae fam. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 1524-1530 (2009).

García, M. T., Gallego, V., Ventosa, A. & Mellado, E. Thalassobacillus devorans gen. nov., sp. nov., a moderately halophilic, phenol-degrading, Gram-positive bacterium. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 1789-1795 (2005).

Garnova, E. S., Zhilina, T. N., Tourova, T. P. & Lysenko, A. M. Anoxynatronum sibiricum gen. nov., sp. nov. alkaliphilic saccharolytic anaerobe from cellulolytic community of Nizhnee Beloe (Transbaikal region). Extremophiles 7, 213-220 (2003).

Garnova, E. S., Zhilina, T. N., Tourova, T. P., Kostrikina, N. A. & Zavarzin, G. A. Anaerobic, alkaliphilic, saccharolytic bacterium Alkalibacter saccharofermentans gen. nov., sp. nov. froma soda lake in the Transbaikal region of Russia. Extremophiles 8, 309-316 (2004).

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Geissinger, O., Herlemann, D. P. R., Mörschel, E., Maier, U. G. & Brune, A. The ultramicrobacterium “Elusimicrobium minutum” gen. nov., sp. nov., the first cultivated representative of the Termite Group 1 phylum. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75, 2831-2840 (2009).

Geymonat, E., Ferrando, L. & Tarlera, S. E. Methylogaea oryzae gen. nov., sp. nov., a mesophilic methanotroph isolated from a rice paddy field. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 2568-2572 (2011).

Ghosh, W., Bagchi, A., Mandal, S., Dam, B. & Roy, P. Tetrathiobacter kashmirensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel mesophilic, neutrophilic, tetrathionate-oxidizing, facultatively chemolithotrophic betaproteobacterium isolated from soil from a temperate orchard in Jammu and Kashmir, India. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 1779-1787 (2005).

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Gich, F. & Overmann, J. Sandarakinorhabdus limnophila gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel bacteriochlorophyll a-containing, obligately aerobic bacterium isolated from freshwater lakes. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 847-854 (2006).

Giovannelli, D. et al. Galenea microaerophila gen. nov., sp. nov., a mesophilic, microaerophilic, chemosynthetic, thiosulfate-oxidizing bacterium isolated from a shallow-water hydrothermal vent. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 3060-3066 (2012).

Golyshina, O. V. et al. Acidiplasma aeolicum gen. nov., sp. nov., a euryarchaeon of the family Ferroplasmaceae isolated from a hydrothermal pool, and transfer of Ferroplasma cupricumulans to Acidiplasma cupricumulans comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 2815-2823 (2009).

Gomila, M., Pinhassi, J., Falsen, E., Moore, E. R. B. & Lalucat, J. Kinneretia asaccharophila gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a freshwater lake, a member of the Rubrivivax branch of the family Comamonadaceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 809-814 (2010).

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Gorlenko, V. M. et al. Ectothiorhodosinus mongolicum gen. nov., sp. nov., a new purple bacterium from a soda lake in Mongolia. Microbiology (English translation of Mikrobiologiia) 73, 66-73.(2004).

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Grabovich, M. et al. Proposal of Giesbergeria voronezhensis gen. nov., sp. nov. and G. kuznetsovii sp. nov. and reclassification of [Aquaspirillum] anulus, [A.] sinuosum and [A.] giesbergeri as Giesbergeria anulus comb. nov., G. sinuosa comb. nov. and G. giesbergeri comb. nov., and [Aquaspirillum] metamorphum and [A.] psychrophilum as Simplicispira metamorpha gen. nov., comb. nov. and S. psychrophila comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 569-576 (2006).

Grabowski, A., Tindall, B. J., Bardin, V., Blanchet, D. & Jeanthon, C. Petrimonas sulfuriphila gen. nov., sp. nov., a mesophilic fermentative bacterium isolated from a biodegraded oil reservoir. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 1113-1121 (2005).

Graeber, I. et al. Spongiibacter marinus gen. nov., sp. nov., a halophilic marine bacterium isolated from the boreal sponge Haliclona sp. 1. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 585-590 (2008).

Greenberg, D. E. et al. Granulibacter bethesdensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a distinctive pathogenic acetic acid bacterium in the family Acetobacteraceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 2609-2616 (2006).

Greene, A. C., Euzéby, J. P., Tindall, B. J. & Patel, B. K. C. Proposal of Frondihabitans gen. nov. to replace the illegitimate genus name Frondicola Zhang et al. 2007. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 447-448 (2009).

Greetham, H. L. et al. Allobaculum stercoricanis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from canine feces. Anaerobe 10, 301-307 (2004).

Gregersen, R. H. et al. Comparative studies on [Pasteurella] testudinis and [P.] testudinis-like bacteria and proposal of Chelonobacter oris gen. nov., sp. nov. as a new member of the family Pasteurellaceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 1583-1588 (2009).

Gu, Q. et al. Ruania albidiflava gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the suborder Micrococcineae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 809-814 (2007).

Guan, T.-W. et al. Haloglycomyces albus gen. nov., sp. nov., a halophilic, filamentous actinomycete of the family Glycomycetaceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 1297-1301 (2009).

Gutierrez, T. et al. Algiphilus aromaticivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., an aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading bacterium isolated from a culture of the marine dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedrum, and proposal of Algiphilaceae fam. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 2743-2749 (2012).

Haakensen, M., Pittet, V. & Ziola, B. Reclassification of Paralactobacillus selangorensis (Leisner et al. 2000) as Lactobacillus selangorensis comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 2979-2983 (2011).

Hahn, M. W. et al. Limnohabitans curvus gen. nov., sp. nov., a planktonic bacterium isolated from a freshwater lake. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 1358-1365 (2010).

Hahnke, S. et al. Planktotalea frisia gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from the southern North Sea. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 1619-1624 (2012).

Hallberg, K. B., Hedrich, S. & Johnson, D. B. Acidiferrobacter thiooxydans, gen. nov. sp. nov.; an acidophilic, thermo-tolerant, facultatively anaerobic iron- and sulfur-oxidizer of the family Ectothiorhodospiraceae. Extremophiles 15, 271-279 (2011).

Hamada, M. et al. Serinibacter salmoneus gen. nov., sp. nov., an actinobacterium isolated from the intestinal tract of a fish, and emended descriptions of the families Beutenbergiaceae and Bogoriellaceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 2809-2814 (2009).

Hamada, M. et al. Luteimicrobium subarcticum gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the suborder Micrococcineae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 796-800 (2010).

Hamada, M. et al. Mobilicoccus pelagius gen. nov., sp. nov. and Piscicoccus intestinalis gen. nov., sp. nov., two new members of the family Dermatophilaceae, and reclassification of Dermatophilus chelonae (Masters et al. 1995) as Austwickia chelonae gen. nov., comb. nov. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 56, 427-436 (2010).

Hamada, M., Tamura, T., Yamamura, H., Suzuki, K. & Hayakawa, M. Lysinimicrobium mangrovi gen. nov., sp. nov., an actinobacterium isolated from the rhizosphere of a mangrove. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 1731-1735 (2012).

Hamada, M. et al. Sediminihabitans luteus gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Cellulomonadaceae isolated from sea sediment. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 102, 325-333 (2012).

Han, S. K., Nedashkovskaya, O. I., Mikhailov, V. V., Kim, S. B. & Bae, K. S. Salinibacterium amurskyense gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel genus of the family Microbacteriaceae from the marine environment. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 53, 2061-2066 (2003).

Hansen, M. J., Bertelsen, M. F., Christensen, H., Bojesen, A. M. & Bisgaard, M. Otariodibacter oris gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the family Pasteurellaceae isolated from the oral cavity of pinnipeds. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 2572-2578 (2012).

Hardham, J. M. et al. Transfer of Bacteroides splanchnicus to Odoribacter gen. nov. as Odoribacter splanchnicus comb. nov., and description of Odoribacter denticanis sp. nov., isolated from the crevicular spaces of canine periodontitis patients. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 103-109 (2008).

Harwati, T. U., Kasai, Y., Kodama, Y., Susilaningsih, D. & Watanabe, K. Tranquillimonas alkanivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., an alkane-degrading bacterium isolated from Semarang Port in Indonesia. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 2118-2121 (2008).

Harwati, T. U., Kasai, Y., Kodama, Y., Susilaningsih, D. & Watanabe, K. Tropicimonas isoalkanivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., a branched-alkane-degrading bacterium isolated from Semarang Port in Indonesia. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 388-391 (2009).

Harwati, T. U., Kasai, Y., Kodama, Y., Susilaningsih, D. & Watanabe, K. Tropicibacter naphthalenivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading bacterium isolated from Semarang Port in Indonesia. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 392-396 (2009).

Hatayama, K., Shoun, H., Ueda, Y. & Nakamura, A. Planifilum fimeticola gen. nov., sp. nov. and Planifilum fulgidum sp. nov., novel members of the family ‘Thermoactinomycetaceae’ isolated from compost. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 2101-2104 (2005).

Hatayama, K., Shoun, H., Ueda, Y. & Nakamura, A. Tuberibacillus calidus gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a compost pile and reclassification of Bacillus naganoensis Tomimura et al. 1990 as Pullulanibacillus naganoensis gen. nov., comb. nov. and Bacillus laevolacticus Andersch et al. 1994 as Sporolactobacillus laevolacticus comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 2545-2551 (2006).

Hedberg, M. E. et al. Lachnoanaerobaculum gen. nov., a new genus in the Lachnospiraceae: Characterization of Lachnoanaerobaculum umeaense gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from the human small intestine, and Lachnoanaerobaculum orale sp. nov., isolated from saliva, and reclassification of Eubacterium saburreum (Prévot 1966) Holdeman and Moore 1970 as Lachnoanaerobaculum saburreum comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 2685-2690 (2012).

Hedi, A. et al. Characterization of Halanaerobaculum tunisiense gen. nov., sp. nov., a new halophilic fermentative, strictly anaerobic bacterium isolated from a hypersaline lake in Tunisia. Extremophiles 13, 313-319 (2009).

Helsel, L. O. et al. Identification of “Haematobacter,” a new genus of aerobic Gram-negative rods isolated from clinical specimens, and reclassification of Rhodobacter massiliensis as “Haematobacter massiliensis comb. nov.”. J. Clin. Microbiol. 45, 1238-1243 (2007).

Hetzer, A., McDonald, I. R. & Morgan, H. W. Venenivibrio stagnispumantis gen. nov., sp. nov., a thermophilic hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium isolated from Champagne Pool, Waiotapu, New Zealand. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 398-403 (2008).

Heyer, J., Berger, U., Hardt, M. & Dunfield, P. F. Methylohalobius crimeensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a moderately halophilic, methanotrophic bacterium isolated from hypersaline lakes of Crimea. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 1817-1826 (2005).

Higashiguchi, D. T., Husseneder, C., Grace, K. & Berestecky, J. M. Pilibacter termitis gen. nov., sp. nov., a lactic acid bacterium from the hindgut of the Formosan subterranean termite (Coptotermes formosanus). Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 15-20 (2006).

Hirayama, H., Takai, K., Inagaki, F., Nealson, K. H. & Horikoshi, K. Thiobacter subterraneus gen. nov., sp. nov., an obligately chemolithoautotrophic, thermophilic, sulfur-oxidizing bacterium from a subsurface hot aquifer. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 467-472 (2005).

Holmes, D. E., Nevin, K. P., Woodard, T. L., Peacock, A. D. & Lovley, D. R. Prolixibacter bellariivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., a sugar-fermenting, psychrotolerant anaerobe of the phylum Bacteroidetes, isolated from a marine-sediment fuel cell. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 701-707 (2007).

Holmes, D. E., Nicoll, J. S., Bond, D. R. & Lovley, D. R. Potential role of a novel psychrotolerant member of the family Geobacteraceae, Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus gen. nov., sp. nov., in electricity production by a marine sediment fuel cell. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70, 6023-6030 (2004).

Holmstrøm, K., Collins, M. D., Møller, T., Falsen, E. & Lawson, P. A. Subdoligranulum variabile gen. nov., sp. nov. from human feces. Anaerobe 10, 197-203 (2004).

Hosoya, S., Arunpairojana, V., Suwannachart, C., Kanjana-Opas, A. & Yokota, A. Aureispira marina gen. nov., sp. nov., a gliding, arachidonic acid-containing bacterium isolated from the southern coastline of Thailand. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 2931-2935 (2006).

Hosoya, S., Suzuki, S., Adachi, K., Matsuda, S. & Kasai, H. Paramoritella alkaliphila gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the family Moritellaceae isolated in the Republic of Palau. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 411-416 (2009).

Hoyles, L. & McCartney, A. L. in Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd Edn, Vol. 5, The Actinobacteria, Part A (eds. Goodfellow, M. et al.) 126-138 (Springer, New York, 2012).

Huang, S. P., Chang, H.-Y., Chen, J.-S., Jean, W. D. & Shieh, W. Y. Aliidiomarina taiwanensis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from shallow coastal water. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 155-161 (2012).

Huang, Y. & Goodfellow, M. in Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd Edn, Vol. 5, The Actinobacteria, Part B (eds. Goodfellow, M. et al.) 1305-1323 (Springer, New York, 2012).

Huys, G. et al. Alloscardovia omnicolens gen. nov., sp. nov., from human clinical samples. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 1442-1446 (2007).

Hwang, C. Y. & Cho, B. C. Cohaesibacter gelatinilyticus gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine bacterium that forms a distinct branch in the order Rhizobiales, and proposal of Cohaesibacteraceae fam. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 267-277 (2008).

Hwang, C. Y. & Cho, B. C. Cucumibacter marinus gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine bacterium in the family Hyphomicrobiaceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 1591-1597 (2008).

Hwang, C. Y. & Cho, B. C. Ponticoccus litoralis gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine bacterium in the family Rhodobacteraceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 1332-1338 (2008).

Hwang, C. Y., Cho, K. D., Yih,W. & Cho, B. C. Maritalea myrionectae gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a culture of the marine ciliate Myrionecta rubra. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 609-614 (2009).

Hwang, C. Y., Bae, G. D., Yih, W. & Cho, B. C. Marivita cryptomonadis gen. nov., sp. nov. and Marivita litorea sp. nov., of the family Rhodobacteraceae, isolated from marine habitats. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 1568-1575 (2009).

Iguchi, H., Yurimoto, H. & Sakai, Y. Methylovulum miyakonense gen. nov., sp. nov., a type I methanotroph isolated from forest soil. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 810-815 (2011).

Iino, T., Mori, K., Tanaka, K., Suzuki, K. & Harayama, S. Oscillibacter valericigenes gen. nov., sp. nov., a valerate-producing anaerobic bacterium isolated from the alimentary canal of a Japanese corbicula clam. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 1840-1845 (2007).

Iino, T., Nakagawa, T., Mori, K., Harayama, S. & Suzuki, K. Calditerrivibrio nitroreducens gen. nov., sp. nov., a thermophilic, nitrate-reducing bacterium isolated from a terrestrial hot spring in Japan. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 1675-1679 (2008).

Iino, T., Suzuki, K. & Harayaa, S. Lacticigenium naphtae gen. nov., sp. nov., a halotolerant and motile lactic acid bacterium isolated from crude oil. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 775-780 (2009).

Iino, T. et al. Ignavibacterium album gen. nov., sp. nov., a moderately thermophilic anaerobic bacterium isolated from microbial mats at a terrestrial hot spring and proposal of Ignavibacteria classis nov., for a novel lineage at the periphery of green sulfur bacteria. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 1376-1382 (2010).

Iizuka, T. et al. Enhygromyxa salina gen. nov., sp. nov., a slightly halophilic myxobacterium isolated from the coastal areas of Japan. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 26, 189-196 (2003).

Im, W.-T., Yokota, A., Kim, M.-K. & Lee, S.-T. Kaistia adipata gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel α-proteobacterium. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 50, 249-254 (2004).

Im, W.-T. et al. Panacagrimonas perspica gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of Gammaproteobacteria isolated from soil of a ginseng field. J. Microbiol. 48, 262-266 (2010).

Im, W.-T. et al. Description of Fimbriimonas ginsengisoli gen. nov., sp. nov. within the Fimbriimonadia class nov., of the phylum Armatimonadetes. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 102, 307-317 (2012).

Imachi, H. et al. Exilispira thermophila gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic, thermophilic spirochaete isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 58, 2258-2265 (2008).

Inagaki, F., Takai, K., Kobayashi, H., Nealson, K. H. & Horikoshi, K. Sulfurimonas autotrophica gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel sulfur-oxidizing ε-proteobacterium isolated from hydrothermal sediments in the Mid-Okinawa Trough. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 53, 1801-1805 (2003).

Inagaki, F., Takai, K., Nealson, K. H. & Horikoshi, K. Sulfurovum lithotrophicum gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel sulfur-oxidizing chemolithoautotroph within the ε-Proteobacteria isolated from Okinawa Trough hydrothermal sediments. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 1477-1482 (2004).

Inahashi, Y., Matsumoto, A., Danbara, H., Ōmura, S. & Takahashi, Y. Phytohabitans suffuscus gen. nov., sp. nov., an actinomycete of the family Micromonosporaceae isolated from plant roots. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 2652-2658 (2010).

Indananda, C. et al. Actinophytocola oryzae gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from the roots of Thai glutinous rice plants, a new member of the family Pseudonocardiaceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 1141-1146 (2010).

Ishikawa, M. et al. Halolactibacillus halophilus gen. nov., sp. nov. and Halolactibacillus miurensis sp. nov., halophilic and alkaliphilic marine lactic acid bacteria constituting a phylogenetic lineage in Bacillus rRNA group 1. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 2427-2439 (2005).

Ito, T., Sugita, K., Yumoto, I., Nodasaka, Y. & Okabe, S. Thiovirga sulfuroxydans gen. nov., sp. nov., a chemolithoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacterium isolated from a microaerobic waste-water biofilm. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 1059-1064 (2005).

Itoh, T., Yamanoi, K., Kudo, T., Ohkuma, M. & Takashina, T. Aciditerrimonas ferrireducens gen. nov., sp. nov., an iron-reducing thermoacidophilic actinobacterium isolated from a solfataric field. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 1281-1285 (2011).

Ivanova, E. P. et al. Formosa algae gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the family Flavobacteriaceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 705-711 (2004).

Ivanova, E. P., Flavier, S. & Christen, R. Phylogenetic relationships among marine Alteromonas-like proteobacteria: emended description of the family Alteromonadaceae and proposal of Pseudoalteromonadaceae fam. nov., Colwelliaceae fam. nov., Shewanellaceae fam. nov., Moritellaceae fam. nov., Ferrimonadaceae fam. nov., Idiomarinaceae fam. nov. and Psychromonadaceae fam. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 1773-1788 (2004).

Ivanova, E., Doronina, N. & Trotsenko, Y. Hansschlegelia plantiphila gen. nov. sp. nov., a new aerobic restricted facultative methylotrophic bacterium associated with plants. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 30, 444-452 (2007).

Ivanova, E. P. et al. Celeribacter neptunius gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the class Alphaproteobacteria. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 1620-1625 (2010).

Iversen, C. et al. Cronobacter gen. nov., a new genus to accommodate the biogroups of Enterobacter sakazakii, and proposal of Cronobacter sakazakii gen. nov., comb. nov., Cronobacter malonaticus sp. nov., Cronobacter turicensis sp. nov., Cronobacter muytjensii sp. nov., Cronobacter dublinensis sp. nov., Cronobacter genomospecies 1, and of three subspecies, Cronobacter dublinensis subsp. dublinensis subsp. nov., Cronobacter dublinensis subsp. lausannensis subsp. nov. and Cronobacter dublinensis subsp. lactaridi subsp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 1442-1447 (2008).

Iwaki, H., Takada, K. & Hasegawa, Y. Maricurvus nonylphenolicus gen. nov., sp. nov., a nonylphenol-degrading bacterium isolated from seawater. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 327, 142-147 (2012).

Jabari, L. et al. Characterization of Defluviitalea saccharophila gen. nov., sp. nov., a thermophilic bacterium isolated from an upflow anaerobic filter treating abattoir wastewaters, and proposal of Defluviitaleaceae fam. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 550-555 (2012).

Jabari, L. et al. Macellibacteroides fermentans gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the family Porphyromonadaceae isolated from an upflow anaerobic filter treating abattoir wastewaters. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 2522-2527 (2012).

Jang, G. I., Hwang, C. Y., Choi, H.-G., Kang, S.-H. & Cho, B. C. Description of Spongiibacter borealis sp. nov., isolated from Arctic seawater, reclassification of Melitea salexigens Urios et al. 2008 as a later heterotypic synonym of Spongiibacter marinus Graeber et al. 2008 with emended descriptions of the genus Spongiibacter and Spongiibacter marinus. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 2895-2900 (2011).

Jayasinghearachchi, H. S. & Lal, B. Oceanotoga teriensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a thermophilic bacterium isolated from offshore oil-producing wells. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 554-560 (2011).

Jean, W. D., Chen, J.-S., Lin, Y.-T. & Shieh, W. Y. Bowmanella denitrificans gen. nov., sp. nov., a denitrifying bacterium isolated from seawater from An-Ping Harbour, Taiwan. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 2463-2467 (2006).

Jean, W. D., Huang, S.-P., Liu, T. Y., Chen, J.-S. & Shieh, W. Y. Aliagarivorans marinus gen. nov., sp. nov. and Aliagarivorans taiwanensis sp. nov., facultatively anaerobic marine bacteria capable of agar degradation. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 1880-1887 (2009).

Jean, W. D., Shieh, W. Y. & Chiu, H.-H. Pseudidiomarina taiwanensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine bacterium isolated from shallow coastal water of An-Ping Harbour, Taiwan, and emended description of the family Idiomarinaceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 899-905 (2006).

Jeon, C. O. et al. Reclassification of Bacillus haloalkaliphilus Fritze 1996 as Alkalibacillus haloalkaliphilus gen. nov., comb. nov. and the description of Alkalibacillus salilacus sp. nov., a novel halophilic bacterium isolated from a salt lake in China. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 1891-1896 (2005).

Jeon, C. O., Lim, J.-M., Park, D.-J. & Kim, C.-J. Salinimonas chungwhensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a moderately halophilic bacterium from a solar saltern in Korea. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 239-243 (2005).

Jeong, H. et al. Anaerosporobacter mobilis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from forest soil. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 1784-1787 (2007).

Ji, H. M. et al. Litorimicrobium taeanense gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a sandy beach. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 1392-1396 (2011).

Jiang, F. et al. Salisediminibacterium halotolerans gen. nov., sp. nov., a halophilic bacterium from soda lake sediment. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 2127-2132 (2012).

Jiang, Y. et al. Actinomycetospora chiangmaiensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Pseudonocardiaceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 408-413 (2008).

Jiang, Y., Sorokin, D. Y., Kleerebezem, R., Muyzer, G. & van Loosdrecht, M. Plasticicumulans acidivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., a polyhydroxyalkanoate-accumulating gammaproteobacterium from a sequencing-batch bioreactor. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 2314-2319 (2011).

Jin, L., Kim, K. K., Im, W.-T., Yang, H.-C. & Lee, S.-T. Aspromonas composti gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the family Xanthomonadaceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 1876-1880 (2007).

Johansen, J. E., Binnerup, S. J., Kroer, N. & Mølbak, L. Luteibacter rhizovicinus gen. nov., sp. nov., a yellow-pigmented gammaproteobacterium isolated from the rhizosphere of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 2285-2291 (2005).

Johnson, D. B., Bacelar-Nicolau, P., Okibe, N., Thomas, A. & Hallberg, K. B. Ferrimicrobium acidiphilum gen. nov., sp. nov. and Ferrithrix thermotolerans gen. nov., sp. nov.: heterotrophic, iron-oxidizing, extremely acidophilic actinobacteria. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 1082-1089 (2009).

Johnson, D. B., Stallwood, B., Kimura, S. & Hallberg, K. B. Isolation and characterization of Acidicaldus organivorus, gen. nov., sp. nov.: a novel sulfur-oxidizing, ferric iron-reducing thermoacidophilic heterotrophic Proteobacterium. Arch. Microbiol. 185, 212-221 (2006).

Jojima, Y. et al. Saccharibacter floricola gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel osmophilic acetic acid bacterium isolated from pollen. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 2263-2267 (2004).

Jordan, E. M. et al. Sneathiella chinensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel marine alphaproteobacterium isolated from coastal sediment in Qingdao, China. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 114-121 (2007).

Joung, Y. et al. Soonwooa buanensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from seawater. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 2061-2065 (2010).

Jumas-Bilak, E. et al. Jonquetella anthropi gen. nov., sp. nov., the first member of the candidate phylum ‘Synergistetes’ isolated from man. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 2743-2748 (2007).

Jumas-Bilak, E., Roudière, L. & Marchandin, H. Description of ‘Synergistetes’ phyl. nov. and emended description of the phylum ‘Deferribacteres’ and of the family Syntrophomonadaceae, phylum ‘Firmicutes’. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 1028-1035 (2009).

Jung, J. Y. et al. Litorimonas taeanensis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a sandy beach. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 1534-1538 (2011).

Jung, S.-Y. et al. Aestuariimicrobium kwangyangense gen. nov., sp. nov., an LL-diaminopimelic acid-containing bacterium isolated from tidal flat sediment. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 2114-2118 (2007).

Jung, S.-Y. et al. Gaetbulibacter saemankumensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from a tidal flat sediment in Korea. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 1845-1849 (2005).

Jung, S.-Y. et al. Kribbia dieselivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the family Intrasporangiaceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 2427-2432 (2006).

Jung, Y.-T., Park, S., Lee, J.-S., Oh, T.-K. & Yoon, J.-H. Pseudahrensia aquimaris gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from seawater. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 2056-2061 (2012).

Jung, Y.-T., Kim, J.-H., Kang, S.-J., Oh, T.-K. & Yoon, J.-H. Namhaeicola litoreus gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from seawater. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 2163-2168 (2012).

Jurado, V. et al. Hoyosella altamirensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the order Actinomycetales isolated from a cave biofilm. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 3105-3110 (2009).

Jurado, V., Laiz, L., Ortiz-Martinez, A., Groth, I. & Saiz-Jimenez, C. Pseudokineococcus lusitanus gen. nov., sp. nov., and reclassification of Kineococcus marinus Lee 2006 as Pseudokineococcus marinus comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 2515-2519 (2011).

Juteau, P. et al. Cryptanaerobacter phenolicus gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobe that transforms phenol into benzoate via 4-hydroxybenzoate. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 245-250 (2005).

Kaesler, I. et al. Spongiispira norvegica gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine bacterium isolated from the boreal sponge Isops phlegraei. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 1815-1820 (2008).

Kaewkla, O. & Franco, C. M. M. Flindersiella endophytica gen. nov., sp. nov., an endophytic actinobacterium isolated from the root of Grey Box, an endemic eucalyptus tree. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 2135-2140 (2011).

Kagayama, A., Takahashi, Y., Seki, T., Tomoda, H. & Ōmura, S. Oryzihumus leptocrescens gen. nov., sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 2555-2559 (2005).

Kageyama, A., Matsumoto, A., Ōmura & Takahashi, Y. Humibacillus xanthopallidus gen. nov., sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 1547-1551 (2008).

Kageyama, A., Takahashi, Y. & Ōmura, S. Humihabitans oryzae gen. nov., sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 2163-2166 (2007).

Kageyama, A. et al. Marihabitans asiaticum gen. nov., sp. nov., a meso-diaminopimelic acid-containing member of the family Intrasporangiaceae. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 58, 2429-2432 (2008).

Kahng, H.-Y. et al. Muriicola jejuensis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from seawater. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 1644-1648 (2010).

Kaksonen, A. H., Spring, S., Schumann, P., Kroppenstedt, R. M. & Puhakka, J. A. Desulfovirgula thermocuniculi gen. nov., sp. nov., a thermophilic sulfate-reducer isolated from a geothermal underground mine in Japan. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 98-102 (2007).

Kaksonen, A. H., Spring, S., Schumann, P., Kroppenstedt, R. M. & Puhakka, J. A. Desulfurispora thermophila gen. nov., sp. nov., a thermophilic, spore-forming sulfate-reducer isolated from a sulfidogenic fluidized-bed reactor. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 1089-1094 (2007).

Kalyuzhnaya, M. G. et al. Methyloversatilis universalis gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel taxon within the Betaproteobacteria represented by three methylotrophic isolates. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 2517-2522 (2006).

Kalyuzhnaya, M. G., Bowerman, S., Lara, J. C., Lidstrom, M. E. & Chistoserdova, L. Methylotenera mobilis gen. nov., sp. nov., an obligately methylamine-utilizing bacterium within the family Methylophilaceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 2819-2823 (2006).

Kämpfer, P. et al. Castellaniella gen. nov., to accommodate the phylogenetic lineage of Alcaligenes defragrans, and proposal of Castellaniella defragrans gen. nov., comb. nov. and Castellaniella denitrificans sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 815-819 (2006).

Kämpfer, P. et al. Pseudacidovorax intermedius gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel nitrogen-fixing betaproteobacterium isolated from soil. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 491-495 (2008).

Kämpfer, P. et al. Pseudolabrys taiwanensis gen. nov., sp. nov., an alphaproteobacterium isolated from soil. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 2469-2472 (2006).

Kämpfer, P. et al. Thorsellia anophelis gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the Gammaproteobacteria. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 335-338 (2006).

Kämpfer, P. et al. Undibacterium pigrum gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from drinking water. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 1510-1515 (2007).

Kämpfer, P. et al. Description of Pseudochrobactrum gen. nov., with the two species Pseudochrobactrum asaccharolyticum sp. nov. and Pseudochrobactrum saccharolyticum sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 1823-1829 (2006).

Kämpfer, P. et al. Description of Wautersiella falsenii gen. nov., sp. nov., to accommodate clinical isolates phenotypically resembling members of the genera Chryseobacterium and Empedobacter. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 2323-2329 (2006).

Kämpfer, P. et al. Pseudofulvimonas gallinarii gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Xanthomonadaceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 1427-1431 (2010).

Kämpfer, P., Busse, H.-J., Rosséllo-Mora, R., Kjellin, E. & Falsen, E. Rhodovarius lipocyclicus gen. nov. sp. nov., a new genus of the α-1 subclass of the Proteobacteria. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 27, 511-516 (2004).

Kämpfer, P., Rosselló-Mora, R., Falsen, E., Busse, H.-J. & Tidall, B. J. Cohnella thermotolerans gen. nov., sp. nov., and classification of ‘Paenibacillus hongkongensis’ as Cohnella hongkongensis sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 781-786 (2006).

Kämpfer, P., Lodders, N., Vaneechoutte, M. & Wauters, G. Transfer of Sejongia antarctica, Sejongia jeonii and Sejongia marina to the genus Chryseobacterium as Chryseobacterium antarcticum comb. nov., Chryseobacterium jeonii comb. nov. and Chryseobacterium marinum comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 2238-2240 (2009).

Kämpfer, P., Martin, E., Lodders, N. & Jäckel, U. Transfer of Defluvibacter lusatiensis to the genus Aquamicrobium as Aquamicrobium lusatiense comb. nov. and description of Aquamicrobium aerolatum sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 2468-2470 (2009).

Kämpfer, P., Falsen, E., Langer, S., Lodders, N. & Busse, H.-J. Paenalcaligenes hominis gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Alcaligenaceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 1537-1542 (2010).

Kämpfer, P. et al. Paenochrobactrum gallinarii gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from air of a duck barn, and reclassification of Pseudochrobactrum glaciei as Paenochrobactrum glaciei comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 1493-1498 (2010).

Kämpfer, P., Schäfer, J., Lodders, N. & Martin, K. Murinocardiopsis flavida gen. nov., sp. nov., an actinomycete isolated from indoor walls. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 1729-1734 (2010).

Kämpfer, P. et al. Fontibacter flavus gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the family ‘Cyclobacteriaceae’, isolated from a hot spring. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 2066-2070 (2010).

Kämpfer, P. et al. Camelimonas lactis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from the milk of camels. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 2382-2386 (2010).

Kämpfer, P., Lodders, N. & Falsen, E. Hydrotalea flava gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the phylum Bacteroidetes and allocation of the genera Chitinophaga, Sediminibacterium, Lacibacter, Flavihumibacter, Flavisolibacter, Niabella, Niastella, Segetibacter, Parasegetibacter, Terrimonas, Ferruginibacter, Filimonas and Hydrotalea to the family Chitinophagaceae fam. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 518-523 (2011).

Kämpfer, P., Lodders, N., Martin, K. & Falsen, E. Revision of the genus Massilia La Scola et al. 2000, with an emended description of the genus and inclusion of all species of the genus Naxibacter as new combinations, and proposal of Massilia consociata sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 1528-1533 (2011).

Kämpfer, P. et al. Sphingomicrobium lutaoense gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a coastal hot spring. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 1326-1330 (2012).

Kämpfer, P. in Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd Edn, Vol. 5, The Actinobacteria, Part B (eds. Goodfellow, M. et al.) 1446-1455 (Springer, New York, 2012).

Kämpfer, P. & Groth, I. in Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd Edn, Vol. 5, The Actinobacteria, Part A (eds. Goodfellow, M. et al.) 754-759 (Springer, New York, 2012).

Kämpfer, P., Wellner, S., Lohse, K., Martin, K. & Lodders, N. Duganella phyllosphaerae sp. nov., isolated from the leaf surface of Trifolium repens and proposal to reclassify Duganella violaceinigra into a novel genus as Pseudoduganella violceinigra gen. nov., comb. nov. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 35, 19-23 (2012).

Kämpfer, P. et al. Pseudarcicella hirudinis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from the skin of the medical leech Hirudo medicinalis. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 2247-2251 (2012).

Kang, H. S. & Lee, S. D. Ponticaulis koreensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Hyphomonadaceae isolated from seawater. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 2951-2955 (2009).

Kashefi, K., Holmes, D. E., Baross, J. A. & Lovley, D. R. Thermophily in the Geobacteraceae: Geothermobacter ehrlichii gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel thermophilic member of the Geobacteraceae from the “Bag City” hydrothermal vent. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69, 2985-2993 (2003).

Katayama, T. et al. Glaciibacter superstes gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the family Microbacteriaceae isolated from a permafrost ice wedge. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 482-486 (2009).

Katayama, T. et al. Tomitella biformata gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the suborder Corynebacterineae isolated from a permafrost ice wedge. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 2803-2807 (2010).

Khan, S. T. & Harayama, S. Paraferrimonas sedimenticola gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine bacterium of the family Ferrimonadaceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 1493-1498 (2007).

Khan, S. T., Nakagawa, Y. & Harayama, S. Fulvibacter tottoriensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from marine sediment. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 1670-1674 (2008).

Khan, S. T., Nakagawa, Y. & Harayama, S. Galbibacter mesophilus gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the family Flavobacteriaceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 969-973 (2007).

Khan, S. T., Nakagawa, Y. & Harayama, S. Krokinobacter gen. nov., with three novel species, in the family Flavobacteriaceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 323-328 (2006).

Khan, S. T., Nakagawa, Y. & Harayama, S. Sandarakinotalea sediminis gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the family Flavobacteriaceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 959-963 (2006).

Khan, S. T., Nakagawa, Y. & Harayama, S. Sediminibacter furfurosus gen. nov., sp. nov. and Gilvibacter sediminis gen. nov., sp. nov., novel members of the family Flavobacteriaceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 265-269 (2007).

Khan, S. T., Nakagawa, Y. & Harayama, S. Sediminicola luteus gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the family Flavobacteriaceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 841-845 (2006).

Khan, S. T., Nakagawa, Y. & Harayama, S. Sediminitomix flava gen. nov., sp. nov., of the phylum Bacteroidetes, isolated from marine sediment. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 1689-1693 (2007).

Khan, S. T. et al. Paraoerskovia marina gen. nov., sp. nov., an actinobacterium isolated from marine sediment. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 2094-2098 (2009).

Khelifi, N. et al. Characterization of Microaerobacter geothermalis gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel microaerophilic, nitrate- and nitrite-reducing thermophilic bacterium isolated from a terrestrial hot spring in Tunisia. Extremophiles 14, 297-304 (2010).

Kim, B.-Y. et al. Niabella aurantiaca gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a greenhouse soil in Korea. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 538-541 (2007).

Kim, H., Choo, Y.-J. & Cho, J.-C. Litoricolaceae fam. nov., to include Litoricola lipolytica gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine bacterium belonging to the order Oceanospirillales. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 1793-1798 (2007).

Kim, H. et al. Marinobacterium litorale sp. nov. in the order Oceanospirillales. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 1659-1662 (2007).

Kim, H. et al. Gryllotalpicola gen. nov., with descriptions of Gryllotalpicola koreensis sp. nov., Gryllotalpicola daejeonensis sp. nov. and Gryllotalpicola kribbensis sp. nov. from the gut of the African mole cricket, Gryllotalpa africana, and reclassification of Curtobacterium ginsengisoli as Gryllotalpicola ginsengisoli comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 2363-2370 (2012).

Kim, J.-H. et al. Actibacter sediminis gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine bacterium of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from tidal flat sediment. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 139-143 (2008).

Kim, J. M., Jung, J. Y., Chae, H. B., Park, W. & Jeon, C. O. Hwanghaeicola aestuarii gen. nov., sp. nov., a moderately halophilic bacterium isolated from a tidal flat of the Yellow Sea. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 2877-2881 (2010).

Kim, K. K., Kim, M. K., Lim, J. H., Park, H. Y. & Lee, S.-T. Transfer of Chryseobacterium meningosepticum and Chryseobacterium miricola to Elizabethkingia gen. nov. as Elizabethkingia meningoseptica comb. nov. and Elizabethkingia miricola comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 1287-1293 (2005).

Kim, K. K., Lee, J.-S., Lee, K. C., Oh, H.-M. & Kim, S.-G. Pontibaca methylaminivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the family Rhodobacteraceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 2170-2175 (2010).

Kim, M. K. et al. Kaistella koreensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the Chryseobacterium-Bergeyella-Riemerella branch. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 2319-2324 (2004).

Kim, M. K. et al. Solimonas soli gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from soil of a ginseng field. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 2591-2594 (2007).

Kim, M. K., Na, J.-R., Cho, D. H., Soung, N.-K. & Yang, D.-C. Parapedobacter koreensis gen. nov., sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 1336-1341 (2007).

Kim, S. B., Lonsdale, J., Seong, C. N. & Goodfellow, M. Streptacidiphilus gen. nov., acidophilic actinomycetes with wall chemotype I and emendation of the family Streptomycetaceae (Waksman and Henrici (1943)^AL) emend. Rainey et al. 1997. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 83, 107-116 (2003).

Kim, S. B., Nedashkovskaya, O. I., Zhukova, N. V., Kuchlevskiy, A. D. & Mikhailov, V. V. Corallibacter vietnamensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine bacterium of the family Flavobacteriaceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 569-574 (2012).

Kim, S. H., Yang, H. O., Shin, Y. K. & Kwon, H. C. Hasllibacter halocynthiae gen. nov., sp. nov., a nutriacholic acid-producing bacterium isolated from the marine ascidian Halocynthia roretzi. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 624-631 (2012).

Kim, S.-J. & Lee, S.-S. Amnibacterium kyonggiense gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Microbacteriaceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 155-159 (2011).

Kim, S.-J. et al. Paralcaligenes ureilyticus gen. nov., sp. nov. isolated from soil of a Korean ginseng field. J. Microbiol. 49, 502-507 (2011).

Kim, S.-J. et al. Compostimonas suwonensis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from spent mushroom compost. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 2410-2416 (2012).

Kim, S.-J. et al. Homoserinimonas aerilata gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the family Microbacteriaceae isolated from an air sample in Korea. J. Microbiol. 50, 673-679 (2012).

Kim, W. et al. Chungangia koreensis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from marine sediment. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 1914-1920 (2012).

Kim, Y.-G. et al. Pelagibacillus goriensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a moderately halotolerant bacterium isolated from coastal water off the east coast of Korea. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 1554-1560 (2007).

Kim, Y.-G., Hwang, C. Y. & Cho, B. C. Pelagicola litoralis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from coastal water in Korea. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 2102-2104 (2008).

Kim, Y.-J., Kim, M. K., Im, W.-T., Srinivasan, S. & Yang, D.-C. Parapusillimonas granuli gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from granules from a wastewater-treatment bioreactor. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 1401-1406 (2010).

Kjeldsen, K. U., Jakobsen, T. F., Glastrup, J. & Ingvorsen, K. Desulfosalsimonas propionicica gen. nov., sp. nov., a halophilic, sulfate-reducing member of the family Desulfobacteraceae isolated from a salt-lake sediment. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 1060-1065 (2010).

Klenk, H.-P. et al. Complete genome sequence of the thermophilic, hydrogen-oxidizing Bacillus tusciae type strain (T2²) and reclassification in the new genus, Kyrpidia gen. nov. as Kyrpidia tusciae comb. nov. and emendation of the family Alicyclobacillaceae da Costa and Rainey, 2010. Stand. Genomic Sci. 5, 121-134 (2011).

Klouche, N. et al. Geosporobacter subterraneus gen. nov., sp. nov., a spore-forming bacterium isolated from a deep subsurface aquifer. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 1757-1761 (2007).

Klouche, N. et al. Desulfocurvus vexinensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a sulfate-reducing bacterium isolated from a deep subsurface aquifer. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 3100-3104 (2009).

Koch, I. H., Gich, F., Dunfield, P. F. & Overmann, J. Edaphobacter modestus gen. nov., sp. nov., and Edaphobacter aggregans sp. nov., acidobacteria isolated from alpine and forest soils. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 1114-1122 (2008).

Kodama, Y. & Watanabe, K. Sulfuricurvum kujiense gen. nov., sp. nov., a facultatively anaerobic, chemolithoautotrophic, sulfur-oxidizing bacterium isolated from an underground crude-oil storage cavity. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 2297-2300 (2004).

Kojima, H. & Fukui, M. Sulfuricella denitrificans gen. nov., sp. nov., a sulfur-oxidizing autotroph isolated from a freshwater lake. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 2862-2866 (2010).

Kojima, H. & Fukui, M. Sulfuritalea hydrogenivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., a facultative autotroph isolated from a freshwater lake. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 1651-1655 (2011).

Krishnamurthi, S. & Chakrabarti, T. Proposal for transfer of Pelagibacillus goriensis Kim et al. 2007 to the genus Terribacillus as Terribacillus goriensis comb. nov. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 58, 2287-2291 (2008).

Krishnamurthi, S., Chakrabarti, T. & Stackebrandt, E. Re-examination of the taxonomic position of Bacillus silvestris Rheims et al. 1999 and proposal to transfer it to Solibacillus gen. nov. as Solibacillus silvestris comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 1054-1058 (2009).

Krishnamurthi, S. et al. Description of Paenisporosarcina quisquiliarum gen. nov., sp. nov., and reclassification of Sporosarcina macmurdoensis Reddy et al. 2003 as Paenisporosarcina macmurdoensis comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 1364-1370 (2009).

Krishnamurthi, S., Ruckmani, A., Pukall, R. & Chakrabarti, T. Psychrobacillus gen. nov. and proposal for reclassification of Bacillus insolitus Larkin & Stokes, 1967, B. psychrotolerans Abd-El Rahman et al., 2002 and B. psychrodurans Abd-El Rahman et al., 2002 as Psychrobacillus insolitus comb. nov., Psychrobacillus psychrotolerans comb. nov. and Psychrobacillus psychrodurans comb. nov. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 33, 367-373 (2010).

Kuhnert, P., Scholten, E., Haefner, S., Mayor, D. & Frey, J. Basfia succiniciproducens gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Pasteurellaceae isolated from bovine rumen. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 44-50 (2010).

Kuhnert, P. et al. Nicoletella semolina gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of Pasteurellaceae isolated from horses with airway disease. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42, 5542-5548 (2004).

Kulichevskaya, I. S. et al. Schlesneria paludicola gen. nov., sp. nov., the first acidophilic member of the order Planctomycetales, from Sphagnum-dominated boreal wetlands. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 2680-2687 (2007).

Kulichevskaya, I. S. et al. Singulisphaera acidiphila gen. nov., sp. nov., a non-filamentous, Isosphaera-like planctomycete from acidic northern wetlands. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 1186-1193 (2008).

Kulichevskaya, I. S. et al. Zavarzinella formosa gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel stalked, Gemmata-like planctomycete from a Siberian peat bog. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 357-364 (2009).

Kulichevskaya, I. S., Suzina, N. E., Liesack, W. & Dedysh, S. N. Bryobacter aggregatus gen. nov., sp. nov., a peat-inhabiting, aerobic chemo-organotroph from subdivision 3 of the Acidobacteria. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 301-306 (2010).

Kulichevskaya, I. S. et al. Telmatocola sphagniphila gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel dendriform planctomycete from northern wetlands. Front. Microbiol. 3, 146 (2012).

Kulichevskaya, I. S. et al. Acidicapsa borealis gen. nov., sp. nov. and Acidicapsa ligni sp. nov., subdivision 1 Acidobacteria from Sphagnum peat and decaying wood. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 1512-1520 (2012).

Kunisawa, T. Gene arrangements characteristic of the phylum Actinobacteria. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 92, 359-365 (2007).

Kurahashi, M. & Yokota, A. Agarivorans albus gen. nov., sp. nov., a γ-proteobacterium isolated from marine animals. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 693-697 (2004).

Kurahashi, M. & Yokota, A. Endozoicomonas elysicola gen. nov., sp. nov., a γ-proteobacterium isolated from the sea slug Elysia ornata. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 30, 202-206 (2007).

Kurahashi, M. & Yokota, A. Tateyamaria omphalii gen. nov., sp. nov., an α-Proteobacterium isolated from a top shell Omphalius pfeifferi pfeifferi. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 30, 371-375 (2007).

Kurahashi, M., Fukunaga, Y., Harayama, S. & Yokota, A. Sneathiella glossodoripedis sp. nov., a marine alphaproteobacterium isolated from the nudibranch Glossodoris cincta, and proposal of Sneathiellales ord. nov. and Sneathiellaceae fam. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 548-552 (2007).

Kurahashi, M., Fukunaga, Y., Sakiyama, Y., Harayama, S. & Yokota, A. Iamia majanohamensis gen. nov., sp. nov., an actinobacterium isolated from sea cucumber Holothuria edulis, and proposal of Iamiaceae fam. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 869-873 (2009).

Kurahashi, M., Fukunaga, Y., Sakiyama, Y., Harayama, S. & Yokota, A. Euzebya tangerina gen. nov., sp. nov., a deeply branching marine actinobacterium isolated from the sea cucumber Holothuria edulis, and proposal of Euzebyaceae fam. nov., Euzebyales ord. nov. and Nitriliruptoridae subclassis nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 2314-2319 (2010).

Kwon, K. K. et al. Altererythrobacter epoxidivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., an epoxide hydrolase-active, mesophilic marine bacterium isolated from cold-seep sediment, and reclassification of Erythrobacter luteolus Yoon et al. 2005 as Altererythrobacter luteolus comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 2207-2211 (2007).

Kwon, K. K., Lee, H.-S., Jung, H.-B., Kang, J.-H. & Kim, S.-J. Yeosuana aromativorans gen. nov., sp. nov., a mesophilic marine bacterium belonging to the family Flavobacteriaceae, isolated from estuarine sediment of the South Sea, Korea. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 727-732 (2006).

Kwon, K. K., Lee, H.-S., Yang, S. H. & Kim, S.-J. Kordiimonas gwangyangensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine bacterium isolated from marine sediments that forms a distinct phyletic lineage (Kordiimonadales ord. nov.) in the ‘Alphaproteobacteria’. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 2033-2037 (2005).

Kwon, K. K., Lee, Y. K. & Lee, H. K. Costertonia aggregata gen. nov., sp. nov., a mesophilic marine bacterium of the family Flavobacteriaceae, isolated from a mature biofilm. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 1349-1353 (2006).

Kwon, S.-W. et al. Paludibacterium yongneupense gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a wetland, Yongneup, in Korea. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 190-194 (2008).

Kwon, S.-W., Kim, B.-Y., Weon, H.-Y., Baek, Y.-K. & Go, S.-J. Arenimonas donghaensis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from seashore sand. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 954-958 (2007).

Labbé, N., Parent, S. & Villemur, R. Nitratireductor aquibiodomus gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel α-proteobacterium from the marine denitrification system of the Montreal Biodome (Canada). Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 269-273 (2004).

Labeda, D. P. & Kroppenstedt, R. M. Goodfellowia gen. nov., a new genus of the Pseudonocardineae related to Actinoalloteichus, containing Goodfellowia coeruleoviolacea gen. nov., comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 1203-1207 (2006).

Labeda, D. P. & Kroppenstedt, R. M. Stackebrandtia nassauensis gen. nov., sp. nov. and emended description of the family Glycomycetaceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 1687-1691 (2005).

Labeda, D. P. & Kroppenstedt, R. M. Proposal for the new genus Allokutzneria gen. nov. within the suborder Pseudonocardineae and transfer of Kibdelosporangium albatum Tomita et al. 1993 as Allokutzneria albata comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 1472-1475 (2008).

Labeda, D. P. & Kroppenstedt, R. M. Proposal of Umezawaea gen. nov., a new genus of the Actinosynnemataceae related to Saccharothrix, and transfer of Saccharothrix tangerinus Kinoshita et al. 2000 as Umezawaea tangerina gen. nov., comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 2758-2761 (2007).

Labeda, D. P., Kroppenstedt, R. M., Euzéby, J. P. & Tindall, B. J. Proposal of Goodfellowiella gen. nov. to replace the illegitimate genus name Goodfellowia Labeda and Kroppenstedt 2006. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 1047-1048 (2008).

Labrenz, M., Lawson, P. A., Tindall, B. J., Collins, M. D. & Hirsch, P. Roseisalinus antarcticus gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel aerobic bacteriochlorophyll a-producing α-proteobacterium isolated from hypersaline Ekho Lake, Antarctica. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 41-47 (2005).

Labrenz, M., Lawson, P. A., Tindall, B, J. & Hirsch, P. Roseibaca ekhonensis gen. nov., sp. nov., an alkalitolerant and aerobic bacteriochlorophyll a-producing alphaproteobacterium from hypersaline Ekho Lake. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 1935-1940 (2009).

Lai, Q., Yuan, J., Gu, L. & Shao, Z. Marispirillum indicum gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a deep-sea environment. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 1278-1281 (2009).

Lai, Q., Yuan, J. & Shao, Z. Maribaculum marinum gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from deep seawater. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 3083-3087 (2009).

Lai, Q., Yuan, J., Wu, C. & Shao, Z. Oceanibaculum indicum gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from deep seawater of the Indian Ocean. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 1733-1737 (2009).

Lakshmi, K. V. N. S., Sasikala, C., Ashok Kumar, G. V., Chandrasekaran, R. & Ramana, C. V. Phaeovibrio sulfidiphilus gen. nov., sp. nov., phototrophic alphaproteobacteria isolated from brackish water. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 828-833 (2011).

Lau, H.-T., Faryna, J. & Triplett, E. W. Aquitalea magnusonii gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel Gram-negative bacterium isolated from a humic lake. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 867-871 (2006).

Lau, K. W. K. et al. Fangia hongkongensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel gammaproteobacterium of the order Thiotrichales isolated from coastal seawater of Hong Kong. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 2665-2669 (2007).

Lau, K. W. K. et al. Lishizhenia caseinilytica gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine bacterium of the phylum Bacteroidetes. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 2317-2322 (2006).

Lau, K. W. K. et al. Owenweeksia hongkongensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel marine bacterium of the phylum ‘Bacteroidetes’. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 1051-1057 (2005).

Lau, S. C. K. et al. Nonlabens tegetincola gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from a microbial mat in a subtropical estuary. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 2279-2283 (2005).

Lau, S. C. K. et al. Stenothermobacter spongiae gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from a marine sponge in the Bahamas, and emended description of Nonlabens tegetincola. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 181-185 (2006).

Lau, S. C. K. et al. Description of Fabibacter halotolerans gen. nov., sp. nov. and Roseivirga spongicola sp. nov., and reclassification of [Marinicola] seohaensis as Roseivirga seohaensis comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 1059-1065 (2006).

Lawson, P. A. et al. Anaerotruncus colihominis gen. nov., sp. nov., from human faeces. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 413-417 (2004).

Lawson, P. A., Collins, M. D., Falsen, E. & Foster, G. Catellicoccus marimammalium gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel Gram-positive, catalase-negative, coccus-shaped bacterium from porpoise and grey seal. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 429-432 (2006).

Lechner, U. et al. Aquincola tertiaricarbonis gen. nov., sp. nov., a tertiary butyl moiety-degrading bacterium. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 1295-1303 (2007).

Lee, D.-H. et al. Jejuia pallidilutea gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from seawater. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 2148-2152 (2009).

Lee, D.-H. et al. Wandonia haliotis gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine bacterium of the family Cryomorphaceae, phylum Bacteroidetes. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 510-514 (2010).

Lee, D.-H. et al. Gangjinia marincola gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine bacterium of the family Flavobacteriaceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 325-329 (2011).

Lee, D.-H., Cho, S. J., Kim, S. M. & Lee, S. B. Postechiella marina gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from seawater. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 1528-1535 (2012).

Lee, D. W. et al. Phycicola gilvus gen. nov., sp. nov., an actinobacterium isolated from living seaweed. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 1318-1323 (2008).

Lee, D. W. & Lee, S. D. Koreibacter algae gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from seaweed. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 1510-1515 (2010).

Lee, D. W. & Lee, S. D. Allocatelliglobosispora scoriae gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from volcanic ash. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 264-270 (2011).

Lee, E. M., Jeon, C. O., Choi, I., Chang, K.-S. & Kim, C.-J. Silanimonas lenta gen. nov., sp. nov., a slightly thermophilic and alkaliphilic gammaproteobacterium isolated from a hot spring. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 385-389 (2005).

Lee, H.-S. et al. Description of Croceitalea gen. nov. in the family Flavobacteriaceae with two species, Croceitalea eckloniae sp. nov. and Croceitalea dokdonensis sp. nov., isolated from the rhizosphere of the marine alga Ecklonia kurome. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 2505-2510 (2008).

Lee, J.-M. et al. Leeia oryzae gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a rice field in Korea. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 1204-1208 (2007).

Lee, K., Choo, Y.-J., Giovannoni, S. J. & Cho, J.-C. Maritimibacter alkaliphilus gen. nov., sp. nov., a genome-sequenced marine bacterium of the Roseobacter clade in the order Rhodobacterales. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 1653-1658 (2007).

Lee, K., Lee, H. K., Choi, T.-H. & Cho, J.-C. Robiginitomaculum antarcticum gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the family Hyphomonadaceae, from Antarctic seawater. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 2595-2599 (2007).

Lee, K., Lee, H. K., Choi, T.-H., Kim, K.-M. & Cho, J.-C. Granulosicoccaceae fam. nov., to include Granulosicoccus antarcticus gen. nov., sp. nov., a non-phototrophic, obligately aerobic chemoheterotroph in the order Chromatiales, isolated from Antarctic seawater. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 17, 1483-1490 (2007).

Lee, K.-B. et al. The hierarchical system of the ‘Alphaproteobacteria’: Description of Hyphomonadaceae fam. nov., Xanthobacteriaceae fam. nov. and Erythrobacteriaceae fam. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 1907-1919 (2005).

Lee, K. C.-Y. et al. Chthonomonas calidirosea gen. nov., sp. nov., an aerobic, pigmented, thermophilic micro-organism of a novel bacterial class, Chthonomonadetes classis nov., of the newly described phylum Armatimonadetes originally designated candidate division OP10. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 2482-2490 (2011).

Lee, O. O., Tsoi, M. M. Y., Li, X., Wong, P.-K. & Qian, P.-Y. Thalassococcus halodurans gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel halotolerant member of the Roseobacter clade isolated from the marine sponge Halichondria panicea at Friday Harbor, USA. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 1919-1924 (2007).

Lee, S. D. & Lee, D. W. Lapillicoccus jejuensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel actinobacterium of the family Intrasporangiaceae, isolated from stone. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 2794-2798 (2007).

Lee, S. D. Labedella gwakjiensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel actinomycete of the family Microbacteriaceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 2498-2502 (2007).

Lee, S. D. Phycicoccus jejuensis gen. nov., sp. nov., an actinomycete isolated from seaweed. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 2369-2373 (2006).

Lee, S. D. Tamlana crocina gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine bacterium of the family Flavobacteriaceae, isolated from beach sediment in Korea. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 764-769 (2007).

Lee, S. D., Park, S. K., Yun, Y.-W. & Lee, D. W. Saxeibacter lacteus gen. nov., sp. nov., an actinobacterium isolated from rock. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 906-909 (2008).

Lee, S. D. Motilibacter peucedani gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from rhizosphere soil. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 315-321 (2012).

Lee, S. D. Labedaea rhizosphaerae gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from rhizosphere soil. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 1772-1778 (2012).

Lee, S. H., Shim, J. K., Kim, J. M., Choi, H.-K. & Jeon, C. O. Henriciella litoralis sp. nov., isolated from a tidal flat, transfer of Maribaculum marinum Lai et al. 2009 to the genus Henriciella as Henriciella aquimarina nom. nov. and emended description of the genus Henriciella. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 722-727 (2011).

Lee, Y. J. et al. Thermosediminibacter oceani gen. nov., sp. nov. and Thermosediminibacter litoriperuensis sp. nov., new anaerobic thermophilic bacteria isolated from Peru Margin. Extremophiles 9, 375-383 (2005).

Lee, Y. K., Hong, S. G., Cho, H. H., Cho, K. H. & Lee, H. K. Dasania marina gen. nov., sp. nov., of the order Pseudomonadales, isolated from Arctic marine sediment. J. Microbiol. 45, 505-509 (2007).

Lee, Y.-J. et al. Gracilibacter thermotolerans gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic, thermotolerant bacterium from a constructed wetland receiving acid sulfate water. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 2089-2093 (2006).

Lee, Y.-J., Mackie, R. I., Cann, I. K. O. & Wiegel, J. Description of Caldanaerobius fijiensis gen. nov., sp. nov., an inulin-degrading, ethanol-producing, thermophilic bacterium from a Fijian hot spring sediment, and reclassification of Thermoanaerobacterium polysaccharolyticum and Thermoanaerobacterium zeae as Caldanaerobius polysaccharolyticus comb. nov. and Caldanaerobius zeae comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 666-670 (2008).

Levett, P. N., Morey, R. E., Galloway, R., Steigerwalt, A. G. & Ellis, W. A. Reclassification of Leptospira parva Hovind-Hougen et al. 1982 as Turneriella parva gen. nov., comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 1497-1499 (2005).

L'Haridon, S. et al. Vulcanibacillus modesticaldus gen. nov., sp. nov., a strictly anaerobic, nitrate-reducing bacterium from deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 1047-1053 (2006).

Li, H.-J. et al. Zhongshania antarctica gen. nov., sp. nov. and Zhongshania guokunii sp. nov., gammaproteobacteria respectively isolated from coastal attached (fast) ice and surface seawater of the Antarctic. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 2052-2057 (2011).

Li, H.-R., Yu, Y., Luo, W. & Zeng, Y.-X. Marisediminicola antarctica gen. nov., sp. nov., an actinobacterium isolated from the Antarctic. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 2535-2539 (2010).

Li, J. et al. Phytomonospora endophytica gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from the roots of Artemisia annua L. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 2967-2973 (2011).

Li, J. et al. Marininema mesophilum gen. nov., sp. nov., a thermoactinomycete isolated from deep sea sediment, and emended description of the family Thermoactinomycetaceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 1383-1388 (2012).

Li, W.-J. et al. Sinococcus qinghaiensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the order Bacillales from a saline soil in China. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 1189-1192 (2006).

Li, W.-J. et al. Yania halotolerans gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the suborder Micrococcineae from saline soil in China. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 525-531 (2004).

Li, W.-J., Zhi, X.-Y. & Euzéby, J. P. Proposal of Yaniellaceae fam. nov., Yaniella gen. nov. and Sinobaca gen. nov. as replacements for the illegitimate prokaryotic names Yaniaceae Li et al. 2005, Yania Li et al. 2004, emend Li et al. 2005, and Sinococcus Li et al. 2006, respectively. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 525-527 (2008).

Li, Z., Qu, Z., Zhang, X. & Zhang, X.-H. Lentibacter algarum gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from coastal water during a massive green algae bloom. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 1042-1047 (2012).

Liebgott, P.-P. et al. Clostridiisalibacter paucivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel moderately halophilic bacterium isolated from olive mill wastewater. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 61-67 (2008).

Lim, J. H., Baek, S.-H. & Lee, S.-T. Ferruginibacter alkalilentus gen. nov., sp. nov. and Ferruginibacter lapsinanis sp. nov., novel members of the family ‘Chitinophagaceae’ in the phylum Bacteroidetes, isolated from freshwater sediment. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 2394-2399 (2009).

Lim, J.-M. et al. Albimonas donghaensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a non-photosynthetic member of the class Alphaproteobacteria isolated from seawater. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 282-285 (2008).

Lim, J.-M. et al. Marinimicrobium koreense gen. nov., sp. nov. and Marinimicrobium agarilyticum sp. nov., novel moderately halotolerant bacteria isolated from tidal flat sediment in Korea. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 653-657 (2006).

Lim, J.-M. et al. Reclassification of Salegentibacter catena Ying et al. 2007 as Salinimicrobium catena gen. nov., comb. nov. and description of Salinimicrobium xinjiangense sp. nov., a halophilic bacterium isolated from Xinjiang province in China. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 438-442 (2008).

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McCammon, S. A. & Bowman, J. P. Taxonomy of Antarctic Flavobacterium species: description of Flavobacterium gillisiae sp. nov., Flavobacterium tegetincola sp. nov. and Flavobacterium xanthum sp. nov., nom. rev. and reclassification of [Flavobacterium] salegens as Salegentibacter salegens gen. nov., comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 50, 1055-1063 (2000).

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Mesbah, N. M. & Wiegel, J. Natronovirga wadinatrunensis gen. nov., sp. nov. and Natranaerobius trueperi sp. nov., halophilic, alkalithermophilic micro-organisms from soda lakes of the Wadi An Natrun, Egypt. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 2042-2048 (2009).

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Miroshnichenko, M. L. et al. Caminibacter profundus sp. nov., a novel thermophile of Nautiliales ord. nov. within the class ‘Epsilonproteobacteria’, isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 41-45 (2004).

Mitra, S. et al. Leptobacterium flavescens gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine member of the family Flavobacteriaceae, isolated from marine sponge and seawater. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 207-212 (2009).

Miyazaki, M. et al. Geofilum rubicundum gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from deep subseafloor sediment. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 1075-1080 (2012).

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Moe, W. M. et al. Pelosinus defluvii sp. nov., isolated from chlorinated solvent-contaminated groundwater, emended description of the genus Pelosinus and transfer of Sporotalea propionica to Pelosinus propionicus comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 1369-1376 (2012).

Mohr, K. I., Garcia, R. O., Gerth, K., Irschik, H. & Müller, R. Sandaracinus amylolyticus gen. nov., sp. nov., a starch-degrading soil myxobacterium, and description of Sandaracinaceae fam. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 1191-1198 (2012).

Monciardini, P. et al. Novel members of the family Micromonosporaceae, Rugosimonospora acidiphila gen. nov., sp. nov. and Rugosimonospora africana sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 2752-2758 (2009).

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Mori, K., Kim, H., Kakegawa, T. & Hanada, S. A novel lineage of sulfate-reducing microorganisms: Thermodesulfobiaceae fam. nov., Thermodesulfobium narugense, gen. nov., sp. nov., a new thermophilic isolate from a hot spring. Extremophiles 7, 283-290 (2003).

Mori, K., Yamaguchi, K., Sakiyama, Y., Urabe, T. & Suzuki, K. Caldisericum exile gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic, thermophilic, filamentous bacterium of a novel bacterial phylum, Caldiserica phyl. nov., originally called the candidate phylum OP5, and description of Caldisericaceae fam. nov., Caldisericales ord. nov. and Caldisericia classis nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 2894-2898 (2009).

Mori, K. et al. Thioprofundum hispidum sp. nov., an obligately chemolithoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing gammaproteobacterium isolated from the hydrothermal field on Suiyo Seamount, and proposal of Thioalkalispiraceae fam. nov. in the order Chromatiales. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 2412-2418 (2011).

Morita, H. et al. Sharpea azabuensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a Gram-positive, strictly anaerobic bacterium isolated from the faeces of thoroughbred horses. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 2682-2686 (2008).

Moriya, T. et al. Calditerricola satsumensis gen. nov., sp. nov. and Calditerricola yamamurae sp. nov., extreme thermophiles isolated from a high-temperature compost. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 631-636 (2011).

Morotomi, M., Nagai, F. & Sakon, H. Genus Megamonas should be placed in the lineage of Firmicutes; Clostridia; Clostridiales; ‘Acidaminococcaceae’; Megamonas. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 1673-1674 (2007).

Morotomi, M., Nagai, F., Sakon, H. & Tanaka, R. Paraprevotella clara gen. nov., sp. nov. and Paraprevotella xylaniphila sp. nov., members of the family ‘Prevotellaceae’ isolated from human faeces. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 1880-1887 (2009).

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Morotomi, M., Nagai, F. & Watanabe, Y. Description of Christensenella minuta gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from human faeces, which forms a distinct branch in the order Clostridiales, and proposal of Christensenellaceae fam. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 144-149 (2012).

Moussard, H. et al. Thermodesulfatator indicus gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel thermophilic chemolithoautotrophic sulfate-reducing bacterium isolated from the Central Indian Ridge. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 227-233 (2004).

Na, H., Kim, S., Moon, E. Y. & Chun, J. Marinifilum fragile gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from tidal flat sediment. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 2241-2246 (2009).

Nagai, F., Morotomi, M., Sakon, H. & Tanaka, R. Parasutterella excrementihominis gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the family Alcaligenaceae isolated from human faeces. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 1793-1797 (2009).

Nakagawa, S. et al. Hydrogenivirga caldilitoris gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel extremely thermophilic, hydrogen- and sulfur-oxidizing bacterium from a coastal hydrothermal field. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 2079-2084 (2004).

Nakagawa, S., Inagaki, F., Takai, K., Horikoshi, K. & Sako, Y. Thioreductor micantisoli gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel mesophilic, sulfur-reducing chemolithoautotroph within the ε-Proteobacteria isolated from hydrothermal sediments in the Mid-Okinawa Trough. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 599-605 (2005).

Nakagawa, S., Takai, K., Inagaki, F., Horikoshi, K. & Sako, Y. Nitratiruptor tergarcus gen. nov., sp. nov. and Nitratifractor salsuginis gen. nov., sp. nov., nitrate-reducing chemolithoautotrophs of the ε-Proteobacteria isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal system in the Mid-Okinawa Trough. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 955-959 (2005).

Nakamura, K. et al. Cerasibacillus quisquiliarum gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a semi-continuous decomposing system of kitchen refuse. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 1063-1069 (2004).

Nakatsu, C. H. et al. Methylibium petroleiphilum gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel methyl tert-butyl ether-degrading methylotroph of the Betaproteobacteria. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 983-989 (2006).

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Nedashkovskaya, O. I. et al. Bizionia paragorgiae gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from the soft coral Paragorgia arborea. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 375-378 (2005).

Nedashkovskaya, O. I. et al. Echinicola pacifica gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel flexibacterium isolated from the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 953-958 (2006).

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Nedashkovskaya, O. I. et al. Pibocella ponti gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel marine bacterium of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from the green alga Acrosiphonia sonderi. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 177-181 (2005).

Nedashkovskaya, O. I. et al. Pontibacter actiniarum gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the phylum ‘Bacteroidetes’, and proposal of Reichenbachiella gen. nov. as a replacement for the illegitimate prokaryotic generic name Reichenbachia Nedashkovskaya et al. 2003. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 2583-2588 (2005).

Nedashkovskaya, O. I. et al. Roseivirga ehrenbergii gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel marine bacterium of the phylum ‘Bacteroidetes’, isolated from the green alga Ulva fenestrata. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 231-234 (2005).

Nedashkovskaya, O. I. et al. Ulvibacter litoralis gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from the green alga Ulva fenestrata. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 119-123 (2004).

Nedashkovskaya, O. I. et al. Winogradskyella thalassocola gen. nov., sp. nov., Winogradskyella epiphytica sp. nov. and Winogradskyella eximia sp. nov., marine bacteria of the family Flavobacteriaceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 49-55 (2005).

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Nedashkovskaya, O. I. et al. Reclassification of [Cytophaga] marinoflava Reichenbach 1989 as Leeuwenhoekiella marinoflava gen. nov., comb. nov. and description of Leeuwenhoekiella aequorea sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 1033-1038 (2005).

Nedashkovskaya, O. I., Kim, S. B., Kwak, J., Mikhailov, V. V. & Bae, K. S. Mariniflexile gromovii gen. nov., sp. nov., a gliding bacterium isolated from the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 1635-1638 (2006).

Nedashkovskaya, O. I. et al. Aquimarina intermedia sp. nov., reclassification of Stanierella latercula (Lewin 1969) as Aquimarina latercula comb. nov. and Gaetbulimicrobium brevivitae Yoon et al. 2006 as Aquimarina brevivitae comb. nov. and emended description of the genus Aquimarina. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 2037-2041 (2006).

Nedashkovskaya, O. I., Kim, S. B., Shin, D. S., Beleneva, I. A. & Mikhailov, V. V. Fulvivirga kasyanovii gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the phylum Bacteroidetes isolated from seawater in a mussel farm. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 1046-1049 (2007).

Nedashkovskaya, O. I., Suzuki, M., Vysotskii, M. V. & Mikhailov, V. V. Vitellibacter vladivostokensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the phylum Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 53, 1281-1286 (2003).

Nedashkovskaya, O. I., Suzuki, M., Kim, S. B. & Mikhailov, V. V. Kriegella aquimaris gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from marine environments. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 2624-2628 (2008).

Nedashkovskaya, O. I. et al. Pseudozobellia thermophila gen. nov., sp. nov., a bacterium of the family Flavobacteriaceae, isolated from the green alga Ulva fenestrata. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 806-810 (2009).

Nedashkovskaya, O. I. et al. Proposal of Algoriphagus vanfongensis sp. nov., transfer of members of the genera Hongiella Yi and Chun 2004 emend. Nedashkovskaya et al. 2004 and Chimaereicella Tiago et al. 2006 to the genus Algoriphagus, and emended description of the genus Algoriphagus Bowman et al. 2003 emend. Nedashkovskaya et al. 2004. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 1988-1994 (2007).

Nedashkovskaya, O. I., Vancanneyt, M., Kim, S. B. & Bae, K. S. Reclassification of Flexibacter tractuosus (Lewin 1969) Leadbetter 1974 and ‘Microscilla sericea’ Lewin 1969 in the genus Marivirga gen. nov. as Marivirga tractuosa comb. nov. and Marivirga sericea nom. rev., comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 1858-1863 (2010).

Nielsen, M. B., Kjeldsen, K. U. & Ingvorsen, K. Desulfitibacter alkalitolerans gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic, alkalitolerant, sulfite-reducing bacterium isolated from a district heating plant. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 2831-2836 (2006).

Nikitin, D. I., Strömpl, C., Oranskaya, M. S. & Abraham, W.-R. Phylogeny of the ring-forming bacterium Arcicella aquatica gen. nov., sp. nov. (ex Nikitin et al. 1994), from a freshwater neuston biofilm. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 681-684 (2004).

Niu, L., Song, L. & Dong, X. Proteiniborus ethanoligenes gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic protein-utilizing bacterium. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 12-16 (2008).

Nørskov-Lauritsen, N. & Kilian, M. Reclassification of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Haemophilus aphrophilus, Haemophilus paraphrophilus and Haemophilus segnis as Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans gen. nov., comb. nov., Aggregatibacter aphrophilus comb. nov. and Aggregatibacter segnis comb. nov., and emended description of Aggregatibacter aphrophilus to include V factor-dependent and V factor-independent isolates. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 2135-2146 (2006).

Ntougias, S., Fasseas, C. & Zervakis, G. I. Olivibacter sitiensis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from alkaline olive-oil mill wastes in the region of Sitia, Crete. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 398-404 (2007).

Ntougias, S., Zervakis, G. I. & Fasseas, C. Halotalea alkalilenta gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel osmotolerant and alkalitolerant bacterium from alkaline olive mill wastes, and emended description of the family Halomonadaceae Franzmann et al. 1989, emend. Dobson and Franzmann 1996. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 1975-1983 (2007).

Nunes, I., Tiago, I., Pires, A. L., da Costa, M. S. & Veríssimo, A. Paucisalibacillus globulus gen. nov., sp. nov., a Gram-positive bacterium isolated from potting soil. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 1841-1845 (2006).

Nunoura, T., Oida, H., Miyazaki, M. & Suzuki, Y. Thermosulfidibacter takaii gen. nov., sp. nov., a thermophilic, hydrogen-oxidizing, sulfur-reducing chemolithoautotroph isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal field in the Southern Okinawa Trough. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 659-665 (2008).

Nunoura, T. et al. Kosmotoga arenicorallina sp. nov. a thermophilic and obligately anaerobic heterotroph isolated from a shallow hydrothermal system occurring within a coral reef, southern part of the Yaeyama Archipelago, Japan, reclassification of Thermococcoides shengliensis as Kosmotoga shengliensis comb. nov., and emended description of the genus Kosmotoga. Arch. Microbiol. 192, 811-819 (2010).

Ogg, C. D. & Patel, B. K. C. Fervidicola ferrireducens gen. nov., sp. nov., a thermophilic anaerobic bacterium from geothermal waters of the Great Artesian Basin, Australia. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 1100-1107 (2009).

Ogg, C. D. & Patel, B. K. C. Thermotalea metallivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., a thermophilic, anaerobic bacterium from the Great Artesian Basin of Australia aquifer. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 964-971 (2009).

Ogg, C. D. & Patel, B. K. C. Sporolituus thermophilus gen. nov., sp. nov., a citrate-fermenting thermophilic anaerobic bacterium from geothermal waters of the Great Artesian Basin of Australia. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 2848-2853 (2009).

Ogg, C. D. & Patel, B. K. C. Fervidicella metallireducens gen. nov., sp. nov., a thermophilic, anaerobic bacterium from geothermal waters. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 1394-1400 (2010).

Oh, H.-M., Kim, H., Kim, K.-M., Min, G.-S. & Cho, J.-C. Porticoccus litoralis gen. nov., sp. nov., a gammaproteobacterium isolated from the Yellow Sea. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 727-732 (2010).

Oh, K.-H., Lee, S.-Y., Lee, M.-H., Oh, T.-K. & Yoon, J.-H. Paraperlucidibaca baekdonensis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from seawater. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 1382-1385 (2011).

Ohno, M. et al. Symbiobacterium thermophilum gen. nov., sp. nov., a symbiotic thermophile that depends on co-culture with a Bacillus strain for growth. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 50, 1829-1832 (2000).

Okamoto, M., Benno, Y., Leung, K.-P. & Maeda, M. Metascardovia criceti gen. nov., sp. nov., from hamster dental plaque. Microbiol. Immunol. 51, 747-754 (2007).

O'Sullivan, L. A., Rinna, J., Humphreys, G., Weightman, A. J. & Fry, J. C. Fluviicola taffensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel freshwater bacterium of the family Cryomorphaceae in the phylum ‘Bacteroidetes’. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 2189-2194 (2005).

O'Sullivan, L. A., Rinna, J., Humphreys, G., Weightman, A. J. & Fry, J. C. Culturable phylogenetic diversity of the phylum ‘Bacteroidetes’ from river epilithon and coastal water and description of novel members of the family Flavobacteriaceae: Epilithonimonas tenax gen. nov., sp. nov. and Persicivirga xylanidelens gen. nov., sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 169-180 (2006).

Pagnier, I., Raoult, D. & La Scola, B. Isolation and characterization of Reyranella massiliensis gen. nov., sp. nov. from freshwater samples by using an amoeba co-culture procedure. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 2151-2154 (2011).

Palleroni, N., Port, A. M., Chang, H.-K. & Zylstra, G. J. Hydrocarboniphaga effusa gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the γ-Proteobacteria active in alkane and aromatic hydrocarbon degradation. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 1203-1207 (2004).

Pankratov, T. A., Tindall, B. J., Liesack, W. & Dedysh, S. N. Mucilaginibacter paludis gen. nov., sp. nov. and Mucilaginibacter gracilis sp. nov., pectin-, xylan- and laminarin-degrading members of the family Sphingobacteriaceae from acidic Sphagnum peat bog. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 2349-2354 (2007).

Pankratov, T. A. & Dedysh, S. N. Granulicella paludicola gen. nov., sp. nov., Granulicella pectinivorans sp. nov., Granulicella aggregans sp. nov. and Granulicella rosea sp. nov., acidophilic, polymer-degrading acidobacteria from Sphagnum peat bogs. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 2951-2959 (2010).

Pankratov, T. A., Kirsanova, L. A., Kaparullina, E. N., Kevbrin, V. V. & Dedysh, S. N. Telmatobacter bradus gen. nov., sp. nov., a cellulolytic facultative anaerobe from subdivision 1 of the Acidobacteria, and emended description of Acidobacterium capsulatum Kishimoto et al. 1991. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 430-437 (2012).

Park, D.-J. et al. Shimazuella kribbensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a mesophilic representative of the family Thermoactinomycetaceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 2660-2664 (2007).

Park, S., Yoshizawa, S., Hamasaki, K., Kogure, K. & Yokota, A. Psychrosphaera saromensis gen. nov., sp. nov., within the family Pseudoalteromonadaceae, isolated from Lake Saroma, Japan. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 56, 475-480 (2010).

Park, S., Yoshizawa, S., Kogure, K. & Yokota, A. Rubricoccus marinus gen. nov., sp. nov., of the family ‘Rhodothermaceae’, isolated from seawater. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 2069-2072 (2011).

Park, S., Yoshizawa, S., Inomata, K., Kogure, K. & Yokota, A. Aureitalea marina gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the family Flavobacteriaceae, isolated from seawater. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 912-916 (2012).

Park, S., Yoshizawa, S., Inomata, K., Kogure, K. & Yokota, A. Halioglobus japonicus gen. nov., sp. nov. and Halioglobus pacificus sp. nov., members of the class Gammaproteobacteria isolated from seawater. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 1784-1789 (2012).

Park, S. C., Baik, K. S., Kim, D. & Seong, C. N. Maritimimonas rapanae gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from gut microflora of the veined rapa whelk, Rapana venosa. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 2824-2829 (2009).

Park, S.-J. et al. Thioalbus denitrificans gen. nov., sp. nov., a chemolithoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing gammaproteobacterium, isolated from marine sediment. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 2045-2051 (2011).

Parshina, S. N. et al. Soehngenia saccharolytica gen. nov., sp. nov. and Clostridium amygdalinum sp. nov., two novel anaerobic, benzaldehyde-converting bacteria. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 53, 1791-1799 (2003).

Peix, A. et al. Reclassification of Agrobacterium ferrugineum LMG 128 as Hoeflea marina gen. nov., sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 1163-1166 (2005).

Peng, F. et al. Planobacterium taklimakanense gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the family Flavobacteriaceae that exhibits swimming motility, isolated from desert soil. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 1672-1678 (2009).

Pérez-Rodríguez, I. et al. Phorcysia thermohydrogeniphila gen. nov., sp. nov., a thermophilic, chemolithoautotrophic, nitrate-ammonifying bacterium from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 2388-2394 (2012).

Pikuta, E. V. et al. Anaerovirgula multivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel spore-forming, alkaliphilic anaerobe isolated from Owens Lake, California, USA. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 2623-2629 (2006).

Pikuta, E. V. et al. Proteocatella sphenisci gen. nov., sp. nov., a psychrotolerant, spore-forming anaerobe isolated from penguin guano. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 2302-2307 (2009).

Piñeiro, S. A., Williams, H. N. & Stine, O. C. Phylogenetic relationships amongst the saltwater members of the genus Bacteriovorax using rpoB sequences and reclassification of Bacteriovorax stolpii as Bacteriolyticum stolpii gen. nov., comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 1203-1209 (2008).

Pinel, N., Davidson, S. K. & Stahl, D. A. Verminephrobacter eiseniae gen. nov., sp. nov., a nephridial symbiont of the earthworm Eisenia foetida (Savigny). Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 2147-2157 (2008).

Pinhassi, J. et al. Bermanella marisrubri gen. nov., sp. nov., a genome-sequenced gammaproteobacterium from the Red Sea. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 373-377 (2009).

Priest, F. G. & Barker, M. Gram-negative bacteria associated with brewery yeasts: reclassification of Obesumbacterium proteus biogroup 2 as Shimwellia pseudoproteus gen. nov., sp. nov., and transfer of Escherichia blattae to Shimwellia blattae comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 828-833 (2010).

Pujalte, M. J. et al. Nereida ignava gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel aerobic marine α-proteobacterium that is closely related to uncultured Prionitis (alga) gall symbionts. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 631-636 (2005).

Pukall, R., Schumann, P., Schütte, C., Gols, R. & Dicke, M. Acaricomes phytoseiuli gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 465-469 (2006).

Qin, Q.-L. et al. Wangia profunda gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel marine bacterium of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from southern Okinawa Trough deep-sea sediment. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 271, 53-58 (2007).

Qin, S. et al. Plantactinospora mayteni gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the family Micromonosporaceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 2527-2533 (2009).

Qiu, Y.-L. et al. Syntrophorhabdus aromaticivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., the first cultured anaerobe capable of degrading phenol to acetate in obligate syntrophic associations with a hydrogenotrophic methanogen. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74, 2051-2058 (2008).

Qu, J.-H. & Yuan, H.-L. Sediminibacterium salmoneum gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the phylum Bacteroidetes isolated from sediment of a eutrophic reservoir. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 2191-2194 (2008).

Qu, J.-H., Yuan, H.-L., Yang, J.-S., Li, H.-F. & Chen, N. Lacibacter cauensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the phylum Bacteroidetes isolated from sediment of a eutrophic lake. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 1153-1157 (2009).

Qu, L. et al. Sunxiuqinia elliptica gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the phylum Bacteroidetes isolated from sediment in a sea cucumber farm. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 2885-2889 (2011).

Quan, Z.-X. et al. Joostella marina gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from the East Sea. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 1388-1392 (2008).

Quan, Z.-X. et al. Henriciella marina gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the family Hyphomonadaceae isolated from the East Sea. J. Microbiol. 47, 156-161 (2009).

Rahalkar, M., Bussmann, I. & Schink, B. Methylosoma difficile gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel methanotroph enriched by gradient cultivation from littoral sediment of Lake Constance. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 1073-1080 (2007).

Rahalkar, M., Bahulikar, R. A., Deutzmann, J. S., Kroth, P. G. & Schink, B. Elstera litoralis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from stone biofilms of Lake Constance, Germany. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 1750-1754 (2012).

Rainey, F. A. et al. in Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd Edn, Vol. 5, The Actinobacteria, Part B (eds. Goodfellow, M. et al.) 1092-1094 (Springer, New York, 2012).

Ramana, C. V. & Sasikala, C. Albidoferax, a new genus of Comamonadaceae and reclassification of Rhodoferax ferrireducens (Finneran et al., 2003) as Albidoferax ferrireducens comb. nov. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 55, 301-304 (2009).

Ramenshkumar, N., Lang, E. & Nair, S. Mangrovibacter plantisponsor gen. nov., sp. nov., a nitrogen-fixing bacterium isolated from a mangrove-associated wild rice (Porteresia coarctata Tateoka). Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 179-186 (2010).

Rathgeber, C. et al. Roseicyclus mahoneyensis gen. nov., sp. nov., an aerobic phototrophic bacterium isolated from a meromictic lake. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 1597-1603 (2005).

Rathsack, K., Reitner, J., Stackebrandt, E. & Tindall, B. J. Reclassification of Aurantimonas altamirensis (Jurado et al. 2006), Aurantimonas ureilytica (Weon et al. 2007) and Aurantimonas frigidaquae (Kim et al. 2008) as members of a new genus, Aureimonas gen. nov., as Aureimonas altamirensis gen. nov., comb. nov., Aureimonas ureilytica comb. nov. and Aureimonas frigidaquae comb. nov., and emended descriptions of the genera Aurantimonas and Fulvimarina. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 2722-2728 (2011).

Rautio, M. et al. Reclassification of Bacteroides putredinis (Weinberg et al. 1937) in a new genus Alistipes gen. nov., as Alistipes putredinis comb. nov., and description of Alistipes finegoldii sp. nov., from human sources. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 26, 182-188 (2003).

Reddy, G. S. N. & Garcia-Pichel, F. Description of Patulibacter americanus sp. nov., isolated from biological soil crusts, emended description of the genus Patulibacter Takahashi et al. 2006 and proposal of Solirubrobacterales ord. nov. and Thermoleophilales ord. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 87-94 (2009).

Reddy, G. S. N., Nagy, M. & Garcia-Pichel, F. Belnapia moabensis gen. nov., sp. nov., an alphaproteobacterium from biological soil crusts in the Colorado Plateau, USA. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 51-58 (2006).

Reichenbach, H., Lang, E., Schumann, P. & Spröer, C. Byssovorax cruenta gen. nov., sp. nov., nom. rev., a cellulose-degrading myxobacterium: rediscovery of ‘Myxococcus cruentus’ Thaxter 1897. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 2357-2363 (2006).

Rekha, P. D. et al. Jhaorihella thermophila gen. nov., sp. nov., a moderately thermophilic bacterium isolated from a coastal hot spring. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 1544-1548 (2011).

Ren, P.-G. & Zhou, P.-J. Salinibacillus aidingensis gen. nov., sp. nov. and Salinibacillus kushneri sp. nov., moderately halophilic bacteria isolated from a neutral saline lake in Xin-Jiang, China. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 949-953 (2005).

Ren, P.-G. & Zhou, P.-J. Tenuibacillus multivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., a moderately halophilic bacterium isolated from saline soil in Xin-Jiang, China. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 95-99 (2005).

Renvoise, A., Aldrovandi, N., Raoult, D. & Roux, V. Helcobacillus massiliensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel representative of the family Dermabacteraceae isolated from a patient with a cutaneous discharge. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 2346-2351 (2009).

Rezgui, R. et al. Sporosalibacterium faouarense gen. nov., sp. nov., a moderately halophilic bacterium isolated from oil-contaminated soil. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 99-104 (2011).

Rezgui, R. et al. Anaerosalibacter bizertensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a halotolerant bacterium isolated from sludge. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 2469-2474 (2012).

Rickard, A. H. et al. Adhaeribacter aquaticus gen. nov., sp. nov., a Gram-negative isolate from a potable water biofilm. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 821-829 (2005).

Rieser, G., Scherer, S. & Wenning, M. Naumannella halotolerans gen. nov., sp. nov., a Gram-positive coccus of the family Propionibacteriaceae isolated from a pharmaceutical clean room and from food. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 3042-3048 (2012).

Ritalahti, K. M. et al. Sphaerochaeta globosa gen. nov., sp. nov. and Sphaerochaeta pleomorpha sp. nov., free-living, spherical spirochaetes. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 210-216 (2012).

Rivas, R. et al. Saccharibacillus sacchari gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from sugar cane. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 1850-1854 (2008).

Rivas, R. et al. Xylanibacterium ulmi gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel xylanolytic member of the family Promicromonosporaceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 557-561 (2004).

Rivas, R., Sánchez-Márquez, S., Mateos, P. F., Martínez-Molina, E. & Velázquez, E. Martelella mediterranea gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel α-proteobacterium isolated from a subterranean saline lake. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 955-959 (2005).

Robertson, B. R. et al. Mucispirillum schaedleri gen. nov., sp. nov., a spiral-shaped bacterium colonizing the mucus layer of the gastrointestinal tract of laboratory rodents. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 1199-1204 (2005).

Rodríguez-Blanco, A., Vetion, G., Escande, M.-L., Delille, D. & Ghiglione, J.-F. Gallaecimonas pentaromativorans gen. nov., sp. nov., a bacterium carrying 16S rRNA gene heterogeneity and able to degrade high-molecular-mass polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 504-509 (2010).

Romanenko, L. A. et al. Oceanisphaera litoralis gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel halophilic bacterium from marine bottom sediments. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 53, 1885-1888 (2003).

Romanenko, L. A., Schumann, P., Rohde, M., Mikhailov, V. V. & Stackebrandt, E. Reinekea marinisedimentorum gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel gammaproteobacterium from marine coastal sediments. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 669-673 (2004).

Romanenko, L. A., Uchino, M., Frolova, G. M. & Mikhailov, V. V. Marixanthomonas ophiurae gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine bacterium of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from a deep-sea brittle star. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 457-462 (2007).

Romanenko, L. A., Tanaka, N. & Frolova, G. M. Umboniibacter marinipuniceus gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine gammaproteobacterium isolated from the mollusc Umbonium costatum from the Sea of Japan. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 603-609 (2010).

Romanenko, L. A., Tanaka, N., Frolova, G. M. & Mikhailov, V. V. Marinicella litoralis gen. nov., sp. nov., a gammaproteobacterium isolated from coastal seawater. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 1613-1619 (2010).

Romanenko, L. A., Tanaka, N., Frolova, G. M. & Mikhailov, V. V. Arenicella xantha gen. nov., sp. nov., a gammaproteobacterium isolated from a marine sandy sediment. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 1832-1836 (2010).

Romanenko, L. A., Tanaka, N., Frolova, G. M., Svetashev, V. I. & Mikhailov, V. V. Litoreibacter albidus gen. nov., sp. nov. and Litoreibacter janthinus sp. nov., members of the class Alphaproteobacteria isolated from the seashore. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 148-154 (2011).

Romanenko, L. A., Tanaka, N., Svetashev, V. I. & Kalinovskaya, N. I. Pacificibacter maritimus gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from shallow marine sediment. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 1375-1381 (2011).

Romanenko, L. A., Tanaka, N., Svetashev, V. I. & Mikhailov, V. V. Vadicella arenosi gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the class Alphaproteobacteria isolated from sandy sediments from the Sea of Japan seashore. Curr. Microbiol. 62, 795-801 (2011).

Romanenko, L. A., Tanaka, N., Svetashev, V. I. & Mikhailov, V. V. Primorskyibacter sedentarius gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the class Alphaproteobacteria from shallow marine sediments. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 1572-1578 (2011).

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Shiratori, H. et al. Lutispora thermophila gen. nov., sp. nov., a thermophilic, spore-forming bacterium isolated from a thermophilic methanogenic bioreactor digesting municipal solid wastes. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 964-969 (2008).

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Song, L. et al. Jiangella gansuensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel actinomycete from a desert soil in north-west China. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 881-884 (2005).

Sorokin, D. Y. & Tindall, B. J. The status of the genus name Halovibrio Fendrich 1989 and the identity of the strains Pseudomonas halophila DSM 3050 and Halomonas variabilis DSM 3051. Request for an Opinion. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 487-489 (2006).

Sorokin, D. Y. et al. Methylohalomonas lacus gen. nov., sp. nov. and Methylonatrum kenyense gen. nov., sp. nov., methylotrophic gammaproteobacteria from hypersaline lakes. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 2762-2769 (2007).

Sorokin, D. Y. et al. Sulfidogenesis under extremely haloalkaline conditions by Desulfonatronospira thiodismutans gen. nov., sp. nov., and Desulfonatronospira delicata sp. nov. - a novel lineage of Deltaproteobacteria from hypersaline soda lakes. Microbiology 154, 1444-1453 (2008).

Sorokin, D. Y., Foti, M., Tindall, B. J. & Muyzer, G. Desulfurispirillum alkaliphilum gen. nov. sp. nov., a novel obligately anaerobic sulfur- and dissimilatory nitrate-reducing bacterium from a full-scale sulfide-removing bioreactor. Extremophiles 11, 363-370 (2007).

Sorokin, D. Y., Tourova, T. P. & Muyzer, G. Citreicella thiooxidans gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel lithoheterotrophic sulfuroxidizing bacterium from the Black Sea. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 28, 679-687 (2005).

Sorokin, D. Y., Tourova, T. P., Bezsoudnova, E. Y., Pol, A. & Muyzer, G. Denitrification in a binary culture and thiocyanate metabolism in Thiohalophilus thiocyanoxidans gen. nov. sp. nov. - a moderately halophilic chemolithoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing Gammaproteobacterium from hypersaline lakes. Arch. Microbiol. 187, 441-450 (2007).

Sorokin, D. Y., Tourova, T. P., Braker, G. & Muyzer, G. Thiohalomonas denitrificans gen. nov., sp. nov. and Thiohalomonas nitratireducens sp. nov., novel obligately chemolithoautotrophic, moderately halophilic, thiodenitrifying Gammaproteobacteria from hypersaline habitats. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 1582-1589 (2007).

Sorokin, D. Y., Tourova, T. P., Galinski, E. A., Belloch, C. & Tindall, B. J. Extremely halophilic denitrifying bacteria from hypersaline inland lakes, Halovibrio denitrificans sp. nov. and Halospina denitrificans gen. nov., sp. nov., and evidence that the genus name Halovibrio Fendrich 1989 with the type species Halovibrio variabilis should be associated with DSM 3050. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 379-388 (2006).

Sorokin, D. Y., Tourova, T. P., Galinski, E. A., Muyzer, G. & Kuenen, J. G. Thiohalorhabdus denitrificans gen. nov., sp. nov., an extremely halophilic, sulfur-oxidizing, deep-lineage gammaproteobacterium from hypersaline habitats. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 2890-2897 (2008).

Sorokin, D. Y., Tourova, T. P., Mußmann, M. & Muyzer, G. Dethiobacter alkaliphilus gen. nov. sp. nov., and Desulfurivibrio alkaliphilus gen. nov. sp. nov.: Two novel representatives of reductive sulfur cycle from soda lakes. Extremophiles 12, 431-439 (2008).

Sorokin, D. Y., Tourova, T. P., Muyzer, G. & Kuenen, G. J. Thiohalospira halophila gen. nov., sp. nov. and Thiohalospira alkaliphila sp. nov., novel obligately chemolithoautotrophic, halophilic, sulfur-oxidizing gammaproteobacteria from hypersaline habitats. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 1685-1692 (2008).

Sorokin, D. Y., Tourova, T. P., Spiridonova, E. M., Rainey, F. A. & Muyzer, G. Thioclava pacifica gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel facultatively autotrophic, marine, sulfur-oxidizing bacterium from a near-shore sulfidic hydrothermal area. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 1069-1075 (2005).

Sorokin, D. Y., van Pelt, S., Tourova, T. P. & Evtushenko, L. I. Nitriliruptor alkaliphilus gen. nov., sp. nov., a deep-lineage haloalkaliphilic actinobacterium from soda lakes capable of growth on aliphatic nitriles, and proposal of Nitriliruptoraceae fam. nov. and Nitriliruptorales ord. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 248-253 (2009).

Sorokin, D. Y., van Pelt, S., Tourova, T. P., Takaichi, S. & Muyzer, G. Acetonitrile degradation under haloalkaline conditions by Natronocella acetinitrilica gen. nov., sp. nov. Microbiology 153, 1157-1164 (2007).

Sorokin, D. Y., Kovaleva, O. L., Tourova, T. P. & Muyzer, G. Thiohalobacter thiocyanaticus gen. nov., sp. nov., a moderately halophilic, sulfur-oxidizing gammaproteobacterium from hypersaline lakes, that utilizes thiocyanate. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 444-450 (2010).

Sorokin, D. Y. & Muyzer, G. Haloalkaliphilic spore-forming sulfidogens from soda lake sediments and description of Desulfitispora alkaliphila gen. nov., sp. nov. Extremophiles 14, 313-320 (2010).

Sorokin, D. Y. & Muyzer, G. Desulfurispira natronophila gen. nov. sp. nov.: An obligately anaerobic dissimilatory sulfur-reducing bacterium from soda lakes. Extremophiles 14, 349-355 (2010).

Sorokin, D. Y., Panteleeva, A. N., Tourova, T. P., Kaparullina, E. N. & Muyzer, G. Natronoflexus pectinivorans gen. nov. sp. nov., an obligately anaerobic and alkaliphilic fermentative member of Bacteroidetes from soda lakes. Extremophiles 15, 691-696 (2011).

Sorokin, D. Y., Tourova, T. P., Panteleeva, A. N., Kaparullina, E. N. & Muyzer, G. Anaerobic utilization of pectinous substrates at extremely haloalkaline conditions by Natranaerovirga pectinivora gen. nov., sp. nov., and Natranaerovirga hydrolytica sp. nov., isolated from hypersaline soda lakes. Extremophiles 16, 307-315 (2012).

Sorokin, D. Y., Tourova, T. P., Panteleeva, A. N. & Muyzer, G. Desulfonatronobacter acidivorans gen. nov., sp. nov. and Desulfobulbus alkaliphilus sp. nov., haloalkaliphilic heterotrophic sulfate-reducing bacteria from soda lakes. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 2107-2113 (2012).

Sorokin, I. D., Zadorina, E. V., Kravchenko, I. K., Boulygina, E. S., Tourova, T. P. & Sorokin, D. Y. Natronobacillus azotifigens gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic diazotrophic haloalkaliphile from soda-rich habitats. Extremophiles 12, 819-827 (2008).

Spring, S., Jäckel, U., Wagner, M. & Kämpfer, P. Ottowia thiooxydans gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel facultatively anaerobic, N₂O-producing bacterium isolated from activated sludge, and transfer of Aquaspirillum gracile to Hylemonella gracilis gen. nov., comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 99-106 (2004).

Spring, S., Wagner, M., Schumann, P. & Kämpfer, P. Malikia granosa gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel polyhydroxyalkanoate- and polyphosphate-accumulating bacterium isolated from activated sludge, and reclassification of Pseudomonas spinosa as Malikia spinosa comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 621-629 (2005).

Spring, S., Lünsdorf, H., Fuchs, B. M. & Tindall, B. J. The photosynthetic apparatus and its regulation in the aerobic gammaproteobacterium Congregibacter litoralis gen. nov., sp. nov. PLoS One 4, e4866 (2009).

Srinivas, T. N. R. et al. Cesiribacter andamanensis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a soil sample from a mud volcano. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 1521-1527 (2011).

Srisukchayakul, P. et al. Rapidithrix thailandica gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine gliding bacterium isolated from samples collected from the Andaman sea, along the southern coastline of Thailand. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 2275-2279 (2007).

Stackebrandt, E. & Schumann, P. Reclassification of Promicromonospora pachnodae Cazemier et al. 2004 as Xylanimicrobium pachnodae gen. nov., comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 1383-1386 (2004).

Stackebrandt, E. et al. Deefgea rivuli gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the class Betaproteobacteria. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 639-645 (2007).

Stackebrandt, E., Schumann, P. & Cui, X.-L. Reclassification of Cellulosimicrobium variabile Bakalidou et al. 2002 as Isoptericola variabilis gen. nov., comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 685-688 (2004).

Stackebrandt, E., Verbarg, S., Frühling, A., Busse, H.-J. & Tindall, B. J. Dissection of the genus Methylibium: reclassification of Methylibium fulvum as Rhizobacter fulvus comb. nov., Methylibium aquaticum as Piscinibacter aquaticus gen. nov., comb. nov. and Methylibium subsaxonicum as Rivibacter subsaxonicus gen. nov., comb. nov. and emended descriptions of the genera Rhizobacter and Methylibium. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 2552-2560 (2009).

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Sugimoto, S. et al. Branchiibius hedensis gen. nov., sp. nov., an actinobacterium isolated from a Japanese codling (Physiculus japonicus). Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 1195-1200 (2011).

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Suzuki, D., Ueki, A., Amaishi, A. & Ueki, K. Desulfoluna butyratoxydans gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel Gram-negative, butyrate-oxidizing, sulfate-reducing bacterium isolated from an estuarine sediment in Japan. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 826-832 (2008).

Suzuki, D., Ueki, A., Amaishi, A. & Ueki, K. Desulfopila aestuarii gen. nov., sp. nov., a Gram-negative, rod-like, sulfate-reducing bacterium isolated from an estuarine sediment in Japan. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 520-526 (2007).

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Switzer Blum, J. et al. Ecophysiology of “Halarsenatibacter silvermanii” strain SLAS-1^T, gen. nov., sp. nov., a facultative chemoautotrophic arsenate respirer from salt-saturated Searles Lake, California. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75, 1950-1960 (2009).

Taborda, M. et al. Description of Idiomarina insulisalsae sp. nov., isolated from the soil of a sea salt evaporation pond, proposal to transfer the species of the genus Pseudidiomarina to the genus Idiomarina and emended description of the genus Idiomarina. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 32, 371-378 (2009).

Takahashi, Y., Matsumoto, A., Morisaki, K. & Ōmura, S. Patulibacter minatonensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel actinobacterium isolated using an agar medium supplemented with superoxide dismutase, and proposal of Patulibacteraceae fam. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 401-406 (2006).

Takai, K. et al. Lebetimonas acidiphila gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel thermophilic, acidophilic, hydrogen-oxidizing chemolithoautotroph within the ‘Epsilonproteobacteria’, isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal fumarole in the Mariana Arc. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 183-189 (2005).

Takai, K. et al. Sulfurivirga caldicuralii gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel microaerobic, thermophilic, thiosulfate-oxidizing chemolithoautotroph, isolated from a shallow marine hydrothermal system occurring in a coral reef, Japan. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 1921-1929 (2006).

Takai, K., Nakagawa, S., Sako, Y. & Horikoshi, K. Balnearium lithotrophicum gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel thermophilic, strictly anaerobic, hydrogen-oxidizing chemolithoautotroph isolated from a black smoker chimney in the Suiyo Seamount hydrothermal system. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 53, 1947-1954 (2003).

Takai, K., Nealson, K. H. & Horikoshi, K. Hydrogenimonas thermophila gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel thermophilic, hydrogen-oxidizing chemolithoautotroph within the epsilon;-Proteobacteria, isolated from a black smoker in a Central Indian Ridge hydrothermal field. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 25-32 (2004).

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Takeda, M., Suzuki, I. & Koizumi, J. I. Balneomonas flocculans gen. nov., sp. nov., a new cellulose-producing member of the α-2 subclass of Proteobacteria. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 27, 139-145 (2004).

Takii, S. et al. Dethiosulfatibacter aminovorans gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel thiosulfate-reducing bacterium isolated from coastal marine sediment via sulfate-reducing enrichment with Casamino acids. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 2320-2326 (2007).

Tamaki, H. et al. Armatimonas rosea gen. nov., sp. nov., of a novel bacterial phylum, Armatimonadetes phyl. nov., formally called the candidate phylum OP10. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 1442-1447 (2011).

Tamura, T., Hatano, K. & Suzuki, K. A new genus of the family Micromonosporaceae, Polymorphospora gen. nov., with description of Polymorphospora rubra sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 1959-1964 (2006).

Tamura, T., Ishida, Y., Nozawa, Y., Otoguro, M. & Suzuki, K. Transfer of Actinomadura spadix Nonomura and Ohara 1971 to Actinoallomurus spadix gen. nov., comb. nov., and description of Actinoallomurus amamiensis sp. nov., Actinoallomurus caesius sp. nov., Actinoallomurus coprocola sp. nov., Actinoallomurus fulvus sp. nov., Actinoallomurus iriomotensis sp. nov., Actinoallomurus luridus sp. nov., Actinoallomurus purpureus sp. nov. and Actinoallomurus yoronensis sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 1867-1874 (2009).

Tamura, T. et al. Angustibacter luteus gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from subarctic forest soil. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 2441-2445 (2010).

Tanaka, N., Romanenko, L. A., Iino, T., Frolova, G. M. & Mikhailov, V. V. Cocleimonas flava gen. nov., sp. nov., a gammaproteobacterium isolated from sand snail (Umbonium costatum). Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 412-416 (2011).

Tanaka, Y. et al. Catellibacterium nectariphilum gen. nov., sp. nov., which requires a diffusible compound from a strain related to the genus Sphingomonas for vigorous growth. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 955-959 (2004).

Tanasupawat, S., Namwong, S., Kudo, T. & Itoh, T. Piscibacillus salipiscarius gen. nov., sp. nov., a moderately halophilic bacterium from fermented fish (pla-ra) in Thailand. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 1413-1417 (2007).

Tanasupawat, S., Thongsanit, J., Thawai, C., Lee, K. C. & Lee, J.-S. Pisciglobus halotolerans gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from fish sauce. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 1688-1692 (2011).

Táncsics, A., Kéki, Z., Márialigeti, K., Schumann, P. & Tóth, E. M. Siphonobacter aquaeclarae gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the family ‘Flexibacteraceae’, phylum Bacteroidetes. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 2567-2571 (2010).

Tang, S.-K. et al. Haloactinospora alba gen. nov., sp. nov., a halophilic filamentous actinomycete of the family Nocardiopsaceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 2075-2080 (2008).

Tang, S.-K., Wu, J.-Y., Wang, Y., Schumann, P. & Li, W.-J. Yimella lutea gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel actinobacterium of the family Dermacoccaceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 659-663 (2010).

Tang, S.-K. et al. Haloactinobacterium album gen. nov., sp. nov., a halophilic actinobacterium, and proposal of Ruaniaceae fam. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 2113-2119 (2010).

Tang, S.-K. et al. Haloechinothrix alba gen. nov., sp. nov., a halophilic, filamentous actinomycete of the suborder Pseudonocardineae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 2154-2158 (2010).

Tang, S.-K. et al. Haloactinopolyspora alba gen. nov., sp. nov., a halophilic filamentous actinomycete isolated from a salt lake, with proposal of Jiangellaceae fam. nov. and Jiangellineae subord. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 194-200 (2011).

Tao, T., Yue, Y., Chen, W. & Chen, W. Proposal of Nakamurella gen. nov. as a substitute for the bacterial genus Microsphaera Yoshimi et al. 1996 and Nakamurellaceae fam. nov. as a substitute for the illegitimate bacterial family Microsphaeraceae Rainey et al. 1997. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 999-1000 (2004).

Teramoto, M. et al. Oleibacter marinus gen. nov., sp. nov., a bacterium that degrades petroleum aliphatic hydrocarbons in a tropical marine environment. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 375-380 (2011).

Thawai, C., Tanasupawat, S., Itoh, T. & Kudo, T. Actinocatenispora thailandica gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Micromonosporaceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 1789-1794 (2006).

Thawai, C., Tanasupawat, S., Suwanborirux, K. & Kudo, T. Actinaurispora siamensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Micromonosporaceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 1660-1666 (2010).

Thompson, F. L., Hoste, B., Vandemeulebroecke, K. & Swings, J. Reclassification of Vibrio hollisae as Grimontia hollisae gen. nov., comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 53, 1615-1617 (2003).

Thompson, F. L. et al. The genus Listonella MacDonell and Colwell 1986 is a later heterotypic synonym of the genus Vibrio Pacini 1854 (Approved Lists 1980) - A taxonomic opinion. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 3023-3027 (2011).

Thomsen, T. R., Blackall, L. L., de Muro, M. A., Nielsen, J. L. & Nielsen, P. H. Meganema perideroedes gen. nov., sp. nov., a filamentous alphaproteobacterium from activated sludge. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 1865-1868 (2006).

Tiago, I. et al. Microcella putealis gen. nov., sp. nov., a Gram-positive alkaliphilic bacterium isolated from a nonsaline alkaline groundwater. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 28, 479-487 (2005).

Tiago, I., Mendes, V., Pires, C., Morais, P. V. & Veríssimo, A. Chimaereicella alkaliphila gen. nov., sp. nov., a Gram-negative alkaliphilic bacterium isolated from a nonsaline alkaline groundwater. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 29, 100-108 (2006).

Tian, S.-P. et al. Litoribacter ruber gen. nov., sp. nov., an alkaliphilic, halotolerant bacterium isolated from a soda lake sediment. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 2996-3001 (2010).

Tian, X.-P. et al. Sciscionella marina gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine actinomycete isolated from a sediment in the northern South China Sea. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 222-228 (2009).

Tian, X.-P. et al. Marinactinospora thermotolerans gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine actinomycete isolated from a sediment in the northern South China Sea. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 948-952 (2009).

Tindall, B. J. & Euzéby, J. P. Proposal of Parvimonas gen. nov. and Quatrionicoccus gen. nov. as replacements for the illegitimate, prokaryotic, generic names Micromonas Murdoch and Shah 2000 and Quadricoccus Maszenan et al. 2002, respectively. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 2711-2713 (2006).

Tóth, E. M. et al. Wohlfahrtiimonas chitiniclastica gen. nov., sp. nov., a new gammaproteobacterium isolated from Wohlfahrtia magnifica (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 976-981 (2008).

Tóth, E. M., Borsodi, A. K., Euzéby, J. P., Tindall, B. J. & Márialigeti, K. Proposal to replace the illegitimate genus name Schineria Tóth et al. 2001 with the genus name Ignatzschineria gen. nov. and to replace the illegitimate combination Schineria larvae Tóth et al. 2001 with Ignatzschineria larvae comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 179-180 (2007).

Tóth, E. M. et al. Aquipuribacter hungaricus gen. nov., sp. nov., an actinobacterium isolated from the ultrapure water system of a power plant. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 556-562 (2012).

Tsubota, J., Eshinimaev, B. T., Khmelenina, V. N. & Trotsenko, Y. A. Methylothermus thermalis gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel moderately thermophilic obligate methanotroph from a hot spring in Japan. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 1877-1884 (2005).

Uchida, H., Hamana, K., Miyazaki, M., Yoshida, T. & Nogi, Y. Parasphingopyxis lamellibrachiae gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a marine annelid worm. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 2224-2228 (2012).

Ue, H., Matsuo, Y., Kasai, H. & Yokota, A. Miniimonas arenae gen. nov., sp. nov., an actinobacterium isolated from sea sand. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 123-127 (2011).

Ueda, K. et al. Genome sequence of Symbiobacterium thermophilum, an uncultivable bacterium that depend on microbial commensalism. Nucleic Acids Res. 32, 4937-4944 (2004).

Ueki, A., Akasaka, H., Suzuki, D. & Ueki, K. Paludibacter propionicigenes gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel strictly anaerobic, Gram-negative, propionate-producing bacterium isolated from plant residue in irrigated rice-field soil in Japan. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 39-44 (2006).

Ueki, A., Akasaka, H., Suzuki, D., Hattori, S. & Ueki, K. Xylanibacter oryzae gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel strictly anaerobic, Gram-negative, xylanolytic bacterium isolated from rice-plant residue in flooded rice-field soil in Japan. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 2215-2221 (2006).

Ueki, A. et al. Anaerosphaera aminiphila gen. nov., sp. nov., a glutamate-degrading, Gram-positive anaerobic coccus isolated from a methanogenic reactor treating cattle waste. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 3161-3167 (2009).

Ueki, A. et al. Rhizomicrobium palustre gen. nov., sp. nov., a facultatively anaerobic, fermentative stalked bacterium in the class Alphaproteobacteria isolated from rice plant roots. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 56, 193-203 (2010).

Ulger-Toprak, N., Liu, C., Summanen, P. H. & Finegold, S. M. Murdochiella asaccharolytica gen. nov., sp. nov., a Gram-stain-positive, anaerobic coccus isolated from human wound specimens. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 1013-1016 (2010).

Urbanczyk, H., Ast, J. C., Higgins, M. J., Carson, J. & Dunlap, P. V. Reclassification of Vibrio fischeri, Vibrio logei, Vibrio salmonicida and Vibrio wodanis as Aliivibrio fischeri gen. nov., comb. nov., Aliivibrio logei comb. nov., Aliivibrio salmonicida comb. nov. and Aliivibrio wodanis comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 2823-2829 (2007).

Urdiain, M. et al. Reclassification of Rhodobium marinum and Rhodobium pfennigii as Afifella marina gen. nov. comb. nov. and Afifella pfennigii comb. nov., a new genus of photoheterotrophic Alphaproteobacteria and emended descriptions of Rhodobium, Rhodobium orientis and Rhodobium gokarnense. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 31, 339-351 (2008).

Urios, L., Agogué, H., Lesongeur, F., Stackebrandt, E. & Lebaron, P. Balneola vulgaris gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the phylum Bacteroidetes from the north-western Mediterranean Sea. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 1883-1887 (2006).

Urios, L., Intertaglia, L., Lesongeur, F. & Lebaron, P. Haliea salexigens gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the Gammaproteobacteria from the Mediterranean Sea. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 1233-1237 (2008).

Urios, L., Michotey, V., Intertaglia, L., Lesongeur, F. & Lebaron, P. Nisaea denitrificans gen. nov., sp. nov. and Nisaea nitritireducens sp. nov., two novel members of the class Alphaproteobacteria from the Mediterranean Sea. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 58, 2336-2341 (2008).

Urios, L., Agogué, H., Intertaglia, L., Lesongeur, F. & Lebaron, P. Melita salexigens gen. nov., sp. nov., a gammapoteobacterium from the Mediterranean Sea. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 2479-2483 (2008).

Urios, L., Intertaglia, L., Lesongeur, F. & Lebaron, P. Eionea nigra gen. nov., sp. nov., a gammaproteobacterium from the Mediterranean Sea. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 1677-1681 (2011).

Vaishampayan, P. et al. Description of Rummeliibacillus stabekisii gen. nov., sp. nov. and reclassification of Bacillus pycnus Nakamura et al. 2002 as Rummeliibacillus pycnus comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 1094-1099 (2009).

Vaisman, N. & Oren, A. Salisaeta longa gen. nov., sp. nov., a red, halophilic member of the Bacteroidetes. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 2571-2574 (2009).

Van Trappen, S., Mergaert, J. & Swings, J. Loktanella salsilacus gen. nov., sp. nov., Loktanella fryxellensis sp. nov. and Loktanella vestfoldensis sp. nov., new members of the Rhodobacter group, isolated from microbial mats in Antarctic lakes. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 1263-1269 (2004).

Van Trappen, S., Vandecandelaere, I., Mergaert, J. & Swings, J. Gillisia limnaea gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from a microbial mat in Lake Fryxell, Antarctica. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 445-448 (2004).

Van Trappen, S., Vandecandelaere, I., Mergaert, J. & Swings, J. Algoriphagus antarcticus sp. nov., a novel psychrophile from microbial mats in Antarctic lakes. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 1969-1973 (2004).

Vancanneyt, M. et al. Larkinella insperata gen. nov., sp. nov., a bacterium of the phylum ‘Bacteroidetes’ isolated from water of a steam generator. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 237-241 (2006).

Vandecandelaere, I. et al. Nautella italica gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a marine electroactive biofilm. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 811-817 (2009).

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Vaneechoutte, M., Kämpfer, P., De Baere, T., Falsen, E. & Verschraegen, G. Wautersia gen. nov., a novel genus accommodating the phylogenetic lineage including Ralstonia eutropha and related species, and proposal of Ralstonia [Pseudomonas] syzygii (Roberts et al. 1990) comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 317-327 (2004).

Vaz-Moreira, I. et al. Humibacter albus gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from sewage sludge compost. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 1014-1018 (2008).

Vaz-Moreira, I., Nobre, M. F., Nunes, O. C. & Manaia, C. M. Gulbenkiania mobilis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from treated municipal wastewater. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 1108-1112 (2007).

Vaz-Moreira, I., Nobre, M. F., Nunes, O. C. & Manaia, C. M. Pseudosphingobacterium domesticum gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from home-made compost. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 1535-1538 (2007).

Vaz-Moreira, I. et al. Candidimonas nitroreducens gen. nov., sp. nov. and Candidimonas humi sp. nov., isolated from sewage sludge compost. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 2238-2246 (2011).

Vela, A. I. et al. Uruburuella suis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from clinical specimens of pigs. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 643-647 (2005).

Verbarg, S. et al. Biostraticola tofi gen. nov., spec. nov., a novel member of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Curr. Microbiol. 56, 603-608 (2008).

Volkmann, M. et al. Orbus hercynius gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from faeces of wild boar, is most closely related to members of the orders ‘Enterobacteriales’ and Pasteurellales. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 2535-2539 (2010).

von Jan, M. et al. Kroppenstedtia eburnea gen. nov., sp. nov., a thermoactinomycete isolated by environmental screening, and emended description of the family Thermoactinomycetaceae Matsuo et al. 2006 emend. Yassin et al. 2009. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 2304-2310 (2011).

Vorob'ev, A. V. et al. Methylovirgula ligni gen. nov., sp. nov., an obligately acidophilic, facultatively methylotrophic bacterium with a highly divergent mxaF gene. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 2538-2545 (2009).

Vorobev, A. V. et al. Methyloferula stellata gen. nov., sp. nov., an acidophilic, obligately methanotrophic bacterium that possesses only a soluble methane monooxygenase. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 2456-2463 (2011).

Wagner, I. D. et al. Caldanaerovirga acetigignens gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic xylanolytic, alkalithermophilic bacterium isolated from Trego Hot Spring, Nevada, USA. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 2685-2691 (2009).

Wagner-Döbler, I. et al. Oceanibulbus indolifex gen. nov., sp. nov., a North Sea alphaproteobacterium that produces bioactive metabolites. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 1177-1184 (2004).

Wang, B. et al. Meridianimaribacter flavus gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from marine sediment of the South China Sea. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 121-127 (2010).

Wang, H. et al. Huaishuia halophila gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from coastal seawater. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 223-228 (2012).

Wang, X., Xue, Y. & Ma, Y. Streptohalobacillus salinus gen. nov., sp. nov., a moderately halophilic, Gram-positive, facultative anaerobe isolated from subsurface saline soil. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 1127-1132 (2011).

Wang, Y. et al. Aidingimonas halophila gen. nov., sp. nov., a moderately halophilic bacterium isolated from a salt lake. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 3088-3094 (2009).

Wang, Y. et al. Flavitalea populi gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from soil of a Euphrates poplar (Populus euphratica) forest. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 1554-1560 (2011).

Wang, Y.-N. et al. Amycolicicoccus subflavus gen. nov., sp. nov., an actinomycete isolated from a saline soil contaminated by crude oil. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 638-643 (2010).

Wang, Y.-X. et al. Sediminimonas qiaohouensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the Roseobacter clade in the order Rhodobacterales. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 1561-1567 (2009).

Wang, Y.-X. et al. Fodinicurvata sediminis gen. nov., sp. nov. and Fodinicurvata fenggangensis sp. nov., poly-β-hydroxybutyrate-producing bacteria in the family Rhodospirillaceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 2575-2581 (2009).

Wang, Y.-X. et al. Fodinibius salinus gen. nov., sp. nov., a moderately halophilic bacterium isolated from a salt mine. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 390-396 (2012).

Wang, Z.-G. et al. Fodinibacter luteus gen. nov., sp. nov., an actinobacterium isolated from a salt mine. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 2185-2190 (2009).

Watthanalamloet, A. et al. Cellulosibacter alkalithermophilus gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic alkalithermophilic, cellulolytic-xylanolytic bacterium isolated from soil of a coconut garden. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 2330-2335 (2012).

Weelink, S. A. B. et al. A strictly anaerobic betaproteobacterium Georgfuchsia toluolica gen. nov., sp. nov. degrades aromatic compounds with Fe(III), Mn(IV) or nitrate as an electron acceptor. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 70, 575-585 (2009).

Weon, H.-Y. et al. Andreprevotia chitinilytica gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from forest soil from Halla Mountain, Jeju Island, Korea. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 1572-1575 (2007).

Weon, H.-Y. et al. Leadbetterella byssophila gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from cotton-waste composts for the cultivation of oyster mushroom. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 2297-2302 (2005).

Weon, H.-Y. et al. Niastella koreensis gen. nov., sp. nov. and Niastella yeongjuensis sp. nov., novel members of the phylum Bacteroidetes, isolated from soil cultivated with Korean ginseng. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 1777-1782 (2006).

Weon, H.-Y. et al. Rudanella lutea gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from an air sample in Korea. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 474-478 (2008).

Weon, H.-Y. et al. Uliginosibacterium gangwonense gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a wetland, Yongneup, in Korea. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 131-135 (2008).

Weon, H.-Y. et al. Solitalea koreensis gen. nov., sp. nov. and the reclassification of [Flexibacter] canadensis as Solitalea canadensis comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 1969-1975 (2009).

Weon, H.-Y. Rudaea cellulosilytica gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from soil. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 2308-2312 (2009).

Wertz, J. T. & Breznak, J. A. Stenoxybacter acetivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., an acetate-oxidizing obligate microaerophile among diverse O₂-consuming bacteria from termite guts. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73, 6819-6828 (2007).

Westerholm, M., Roos, S. & Schnürer, A. Syntrophaceticus schinkii gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic, syntrophic acetate-oxidizing bacterium isolated from a mesophilic anaerobic filter. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 309, 100-104 (2010).

Whitehead, T. R., Cotta, M. A., Collins, M. D. & Lawson, P. A. Hespellia stercorisuis gen. nov., sp. nov. and Hespellia porcina sp. nov., isolated from swine manure storage pits. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 241-245 (2004).

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Wiese, J., Thiel, V., Gärtner, A., Schmaljohann, R. & Imhoff, J. F. Kiloniella laminariae gen. nov., sp. nov., an alphaproteobacterium from the marine macroalga Laminaria saccharina. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 350-356 (2009).

Wiese, J. et al. A new member of the family Micromonosporaceae, Planosporangium flavigriseum gen. nov., sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 1324-1331 (2008).

Williams, K. P., Sobral, B. W. & Dickerman, A. W. A robust species tree for the Alphaproteobacteria. J. Bacteriol. 189, 4578-4586 (2007).

Williams, T. J., Lefèvre, C. T., Zhao, W., Beveridge, T. J. & Bazylinski, D. A. Magnetospira thiophila gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine magnetotactic bacterium that represents a novel lineage within the Rhodospirillaceae (Alphaproteobacteria). Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 2443-2450 (2012).

Wolin, M. J., Miller, T. L. & Lawson, P. A. Proposal to replace the illegitimate genus name Bryantella Wolin et al. 2004^VP with the genus name Marvinbryantia gen. nov. and to replace the illegitimate combination Bryantella formatexigens Wolin et al. 2004^VP with Marvinbryantia formatexigens comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 742-744 (2008).

Wolin, M. J., Miller, T. L., Collins, M. D. & Lawson, P. A. Formate-dependent growth and homoacetogenic fermentation by a bacterium from human feces: Description of Bryantella formatexigens gen. nov., sp. nov. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69, 6321-6326 (2003).

Wu, C., Liu, X. & Dong, X. Syntrophomonas cellicola sp. nov., a spore-forming syntrophic bacterium isolated from a distilled-spirit-fermenting cellar, and assignment of Syntrophospora bryantii to Syntrophomonas bryantii comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 2331-2335 (2006).

Würdemann, D. et al. Gordonibacter pamelaeae gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the Coriobacteriaceae isolated from a patient with Crohn's disease, and reclassification of Eggerthella hongkongensis Lau et al. 2006 as Paraeggerthella hongkongensis gen. nov., comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 1405-1415 (2009).

Wyss, C., Dewhirst, F. E., Paster, B. J., Thurnheer, T. & Luginbühl, A. Guggenheimella bovis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from lesions of bovine dermatitis digitalis. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 667-671 (2005).

Xiao, C. et al. Ornithinibacter aureus gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the family Intrasporangiaceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 659-664 (2011).

Xie, C.-H. & Yokota, A. Dyella japonica gen. nov., sp. nov., a γ-proteobacterium isolated from soil. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 753-756 (2005).

Xie, C.-H. & Yokota, A. Pleomorphomonas oryzae gen. nov., sp. nov., a nitrogen-fixing bacterium isolated from paddy soil of Oryza sativa. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 1233-1237 (2005).

Xie, C.-H. & Yokota, A. Zoogloea oryzae sp. nov., a nitrogen-fixing bacterium isolated from rice paddy soil, and reclassification of the strain ATCC 19623 as Crabtreella saccharophila gen. nov., sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 619-624 (2006).

Xie, C.-H. & Yokota, A. Phylogenetic analysis of Alysiella and related genera of Neisseriaceae: proposal of Alysiella crassa comb. nov., Conchiformibium steedae gen. nov., comb. nov., Conchiformibium kuhniae sp. nov. and Bergeriella denitrificans gen. nov., comb. nov. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 51, 1-10 (2005).

Xie, C.-H. & Yokota, A. Reclassification of [Flavobacterium] ferrugineum as Terrimonas ferruginea gen. nov., comb. nov., and description of Terrimonas lutea sp. nov., isolated from soil. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 1117-1121 (2006).

Xie, C.-H. & Yokota, A. Reclassification of Alcaligenes latus strains IAM 12599^T and IAM 12664 and Pseudomonas saccharophila as Azohydromonas lata gen. nov., comb. nov., Azohydromonas australica sp. nov. and Pelomonas saccharophila gen. nov., comb. nov., respectively. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 2419-2425 (2005).

Xie, Q.-Y. et al. Jishengella endophytica gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Micromonosporaceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 1153-1159 (2011).

Xing, D. et al. Ethanoligenens harbinense gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from molasses wastewater. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 755-760 (2006).

Xu, H.-Y. et al. Zhangella mobilis gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Hyphomicrobiaceae isolated from coastal seawater. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 2297-2301 (2009).

Xu, P. et al. Naxibacter alkalitolerans gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the family ‘Oxalobacteraceae’ isolated from China. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 1149-1153 (2005).

Xu, X.-W. et al. Croceicoccus marinus gen. nov., sp. nov., a yellow-pigmented bacterium from deep-sea sediment, and emended description of the family Erythrobacteraceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 2247-2253 (2009).

Xu, X.-W. et al. Pelagibacterium halotolerans gen. nov., sp. nov. and Pelagibacterium luteolum sp. nov., novel members of the family Hyphomicrobiaceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 1817-1822 (2011).

Xue, Y. et al. Caldalkalibacillus thermarum gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel alkalithermophilic bacterium from a hot spring in China. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 1217-1221 (2006).

Yabe, S., Aiba, Y., Sakai, Y., Hazaka, M. & Yokota, A. Thermosporothrix hazakensis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from compost, description of Thermosporotrichaceae fam. nov. within the class Ktedonobacteria Cavaletti et al. 2007 and emended description of the class Ktedonobacteria. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 1794-1801 (2010).

Yabe, S., Aiba, Y., Sakai, Y., Hazaka, M. & Yokota, A. Thermasporomyces composti gen. nov., sp. nov., a thermophilic actinomycete isolated from compost. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 86-90 (2011).

Yabe, S., Aiba, Y., Sakai, Y., Hazaka, M. & Yokota, A. Thermogemmatispora onikobensis gen. nov., sp. nov. and Thermogemmatispora foliorum sp. nov., isolated from fallen leaves on geothermal soils, and description of Thermogemmatisporaceae fam. nov. and Thermogemmatisporales ord. nov. within the class Ktedonobacteria. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 903-910 (2011).

Yabe, S., Aiba, Y., Sakai, Y., Hazaka, M. & Yokota, A. Thermovum composti gen. nov., sp. nov., an alphaproteobacterium from compost. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 2991-2996 (2012).

Yakimov, M. M. et al. Thalassolituus oleivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel marine bacterium that obligately utilizes hydrocarbons. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 141-148 (2004).

Yamada, K. et al. Constrictibacter antarcticus gen. nov., sp. nov., a cryptoendolithic micro-organism from Antarctic white rock. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 1973-1980 (2011).

Yamada, T. et al. Anaerolinea thermolimosa sp. nov., Levilinea saccharolytica gen. nov., sp. nov. and Leptolinea tardivitalis gen. nov., sp. nov., novel filamentous anaerobes, and description of the new classes Anaerolineae classis nov. and Caldilineae classis nov. in the bacterial phylum Chloroflexi. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 1331-1340 (2006).

Yamada, T. et al. Bellilinea caldifistulae gen. nov., sp. nov. and Longilinea arvoryzae gen. nov., sp. nov., strictly anaerobic, filamentous bacteria of the phylum Chloroflexi isolated from methanogenic propionate-degrading consortia. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 2299-2306 (2007).

Yan, S., Yu, M., Wang, Y., Shen, C. & Zhang, X.-H. Catenovulum agarivorans gen. nov. sp. nov., a peritrichously flagellated, catenated, agar-hydrolyzing gammaproteobacterium isolated from the Yellow Sea. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 2866-2873 (2011).

Yang, C. X. et al. Mongoliitalea lutea gen. nov., sp. nov., an alkaliphilic, halotolerant bacterium isolated from a haloalkaline lake. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 647-653 (2012).

Yang, H.-C. et al. Silvimonas terrae gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel chitin-degrading facultative anaerobe belonging to the ‘Betaproteobacteria’. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 2329-2332 (2005).

Yang, S.-J., Choo, Y.-J. & Cho, J.-C. Lutimonas vermicola gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from the marine polychaete Periserrula leucophryna. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 1679-1684 (2007).

Yassin, A. F., Hupfer, H., Klenk, H.-P. & Siering, C. Desmospora activa gen. nov., sp. nov., a thermoactinomycete isolated from sputum of a patient with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis, and emended description of the family Thermoactinomycetaceae Matsuo et al. 2006. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 454-459 (2009).

Yassin, A. F., Hupfer, H., Siering, C., Klenk, H.-P. & Schumann, P. Auritidibacter ignavus gen. nov., sp. nov., of the family Micrococcaceae isolated from an ear swab of a man with otitis externa, transfer of the members of the family Yaniellaceae Li et al. 2008 to the family Micrococcaceae and emended description of the suborder Micrococcineae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 223-230 (2011).

Yassin, A. F., Hupfer, H., Siering, C. & Schumann, P. Comparative chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic studies on the genus Arcanobacterium Collins et al. 1982 emend. Lehnen et al. 2006: Proposal for Trueperella gen. nov. and emended description of the gneus Arcanobacterium. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 1265-1274 (2011).

Yee, B., Oertli, G. E., Fuerst, J. A. & Staley, J. T. Reclassification of the polyphyletic genus Prosthecomicrobium to form two novel genera, Vasilyevaea gen. nov. and Bauldia gen. nov. with four new combinations: Vasilyevaea enhydra comb. nov., Vasilyevaea mishustinii comb. nov., Bauldia consociata comb. nov. and Bauldia litoralis comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 2960-2966 (2010).

Yi, H. & Chun, J. Hongiella mannitolivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., Hongiella halophila sp. nov. and Hongiella ornithinivorans sp. nov., isolated from tidal flat sediment. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 157-162 (2004).

Yi, H., Bae, K. S. & Chun, J. Aestuariibacter salexigens gen. nov., sp. nov. and Aestuariibacter halophilus sp. nov., isolated from tidal flat sediment, and emended description of Alteromonas macleodii. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 571-576 (2004).

Yi, H., Schumann, P. & Chun, J. Demequina aestuarii gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel actinomycete of the suborder Micrococcineae, and reclassification of Cellulomonas fermentans Bagnara et al. 1985 as Actinotalea fermentans gen. nov., comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 151-156 (2007).

Yi, H., Schumann, P., Sohn, K. & Chun, J. Serinicoccus marinus gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel actinomycete with L-ornithine and L-serine in the peptidoglycan. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 1585-1589 (2004).

Yi, H., Yoon, H. I. & Chum, J. Sejongia antarctica gen. nov., sp. nov. and Sejongia jeonii sp. nov., isolated from the Antarctic. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 409-416 (2005).

Yi, H. & Chun, J. Snuella lapsa gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from tidal flat sediment. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 2469-2474 (2011).

Yi, H., Cho, J.-C. & Chun, J. Pontirhabdus pectinivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from seawater. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 2475-2481 (2011).

Yi, H., Cho, J.-C. & Chun, J. Flavivirga jejuensis gen. nov., sp. nov., and Flavivirga amylovorans sp. nov., new members of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from seawater, and emended descriptions of the genera Psychroserpens and Lacinutrix. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 1061-1068 (2012).

Ying, J.-Y. et al. Wenxinia marina gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the Roseobacter clade isolated from oilfield sediments of the South China Sea. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 1711-1716 (2007).

Yokoyama, H., Wagner, I. D. & Wiegel, J. Caldicoprobacter oshimai gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic, xylanolytic, extremely thermophilic bacterium isolated from sheep faeces, and proposal of Caldicoprobacteraceae fam. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 67-71 (2010).

Yoon, B.-J. et al. Hyunsoonleella jejuensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from seawater. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 382-386 (2010).

Yoon, B.-J. & Oh, D.-C. Spongiibacterium flavum gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from the marine sponge Halichondria oshoro, and emended descriptions of the genera Croceitalea and Flagellimonas. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 1158-1164 (2012).

Yoon, J. et al. Cerasicoccus arenae gen. nov., sp. nov., a carotenoid-producing marine representative of the family Puniceicoccaceae within the phylum ‘Verrucomicrobia’, isolated from marine sand. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 2067-2072 (2007).

Yoon, J. et al. Coraliomargarita akajimensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the phylum ‘Verrucomicrobia’ isolated from seawater in Japan. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 959-963 (2007).

Yoon, J. et al. Pelagicoccus mobilis gen. nov., sp. nov., Pelagicoccus albus sp. nov. and Pelagicoccus litoralis sp. nov., three novel members of subdivision 4 within the phylum ‘Verrucomicrobia’, isolated from seawater by in situ cultivation. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 1377-1385 (2007).

Yoon, J. et al. Description of Persicirhabdus sediminis gen. nov., sp. nov., Roseibacillus ishigakijimensis gen. nov., sp. nov., Roseibacillus ponti sp. nov., Roseibacillus persicicus sp. nov., Luteolibacter pohnpeiensis gen. nov., sp. nov. and Luteolibacter algae sp. nov., six marine members of the phylum ‘Verrucomicrobia’, and emended descriptions of the class Verrucomicrobiae, the order Verrucomicrobiales and the family Verrucomicrobiaceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 998-1007 (2008).

Yoon, J. et al. Haloferula rosea gen. nov., sp. nov., Haloferula harenae sp. nov., Haloferula phyci sp. nov., Haloferula helveola sp. nov. and Haloferula sargassicola sp. nov., five marine representatives of the family Verrucomicrobiaceae within the phylum ‘Verrucomicrobia’. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 2491-2500 (2008).

Yoon, J., Ishikawa, S., Kasai, H. & Yokota, A. Perexilibacter aurantiacus gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the family ‘Flammeovirgaceae’ isolated from sediment. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 964-968 (2007).

Yoon, J., Ishikawa, S., Kasai, H. & Yokota, A. Persicitalea jodogahamensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine bacterium of the family ‘Flexibacteraceae’, isolated from seawater in Japan. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 1014-1017 (2007).

Yoon, J., Matsuo, Y., Kasai, H. & Yokota, A. Limibacter armeniacum gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel representative of the family ‘Flammeovirgaceae’ isolated from marine sediment. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 982-986 (2008).

Yoon, J., Adachi, K., Park, S., Kasai, H. & Yokota, A. Aureibacter tunicatorum gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine bacterium isolated from a coral reef sea squirt, and description of Flammeovirgaceae fam. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 2342-2347 (2011).

Yoon, J.-H., Kang, S.-J. & Oh, T.-K. Dokdonella koreensis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from soil. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 145-150 (2006).

Yoon, J.-H., Kang, S.-J. & Oh, T.-K. Donghicola eburneus gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from seawater of the East Sea in Korea. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 73-76 (2007).

Yoon, J.-H., Kang, S.-J. & Oh, T.-K. Reclassification of Marinococcus albus Hao et al. 1985 as Salimicrobium album gen. nov., comb. nov. and Bacillus halophilus Ventosa et al. 1990 as Salimicrobium halophilum comb. nov., and description of Salimicrobium luteum sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 2406-2411 (2007).

Yoon, J.-H., Kang, S.-J., Jung, S.-Y. & Oh, T.-K. Humicoccus flavidus gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from soil. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 56-59 (2007).

Yoon, J.-H., Kang, S.-J., Jung, S.-Y., Oh, H. W. & Oh, T.-K. Gaetbulimicrobium brevivitae gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from a tidal flat of the Yellow Sea in Korea. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 115-119 (2006).

Yoon, J.-H., Kang, S.-J., Jung, Y.-T. & Oh, T.-K. Aestuariicola saemankumensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the family Flavobacteriaceae, isolated from tidal flat sediment. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 2126-2131 (2008).

Yoon, J.-H., Kang, S.-J., Jung, Y.-T. & Oh, T.-K. Gaetbulicola byunsanensis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from tidal flat sediment. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 196-199 (2010).

Yoon, J.-H., Kang, S.-J., Lee, C.-H. & Oh, T.-K. Dokdonia donghaensis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from sea water. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 2323-2328 (2005).

Yoon, J.-H., Kang, S.-J., Lee, C.-H. & Oh, T.-K. Donghaeana dokdonensis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from sea water. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 187-191 (2006).

Yoon, J.-H., Kang, S.-J., Lee, J.-S. & Oh, T.-K. Lutimaribacter saemankumensis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a tidal flat of the Yellow Sea. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 48-52 (2009).

Yoon, J.-H., Kang, S.-J., Lee, S.-Y. & Oh, T.-K. Salinihabitans flavidus gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a marine solar saltern. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 2561-2564 (2009).

Yoon, J.-H., Kang, S.-J., Lee, S. Y., Oh, K.-H. & Oh, T.-K. Seohaeicola saemankumensis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a tidal flat. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 2675-2679 (2009).

Yoon, J.-H., Kang, S.-J., Park, S. & Oh, T.-K. Caenispirillum bisanense gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from sludge of a dye works. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 1217-1221 (2007).

Yoon, J.-H., Kang, S.-J., Park, S. & Oh, T.-K. Daeguia caeni gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from sludge of a textile dye works. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 168-172 (2008).

Yoon, J.-H., Kang, S.-J., Park, S., Lee, S.-Y. & Oh, T.-K. Reclassification of Aquaspirillum itersonii and Aquaspirillum peregrinum as Novispirillum itersonii gen. nov., comb. nov. and Insolitispirillum peregrinum gen. nov., comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 2830-2835 (2007).

Yoon, J.-H., Kang, S.-J., Schumann, P. & Oh, T.-K. Yonghaparkia alkaliphila gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the family Microbacteriaceae isolated from an alkaline soil. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 2415-2420 (2006).

Yoon, J.-H., Kim, I.-G., Shin, Y.-K. & Park, Y.-H. Proposal of the genus Thermoactinomyces sensu stricto and three new genera, Laceyella, Thermoflavimicrobium and Seinonella, on the basis of phenotypic, phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic analyses. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 395-400 (2005).

Yoon, J.-H., Lee, S.-Y., Kang, S.-J., Lee, C.-H. & Oh, T.-K. Pseudoruegeria aquimaris gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from seawater of the East Sea in Korea. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 542-547 (2007).

Yoon, J.-H., Oh, T.-K. & Park, Y.-H. Kangiella koreensis gen. nov., sp. nov. and Kangiella aquimarina sp. nov., isolated from a tidal flat of the Yellow Sea in Korea. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 1829-1835 (2004).

Yoon, J.-H. et al. Jeongeupia naejangsanensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a cellulose-degrading bacterium isolated from forest soil from Naejang Mountain in Korea. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 615-619 (2010).

Yoon, J.-H., Kang, S.-J., Lee, S.-Y., Lee, J.-S. & Park, S. Ohtaekwangia koreensis gen. nov., sp. nov. and Ohtaekwangia kribbensis sp. nov., isolated from marine sand, deep-branching members of the phylum Bacteroidetes. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 1066-1072 (2011).

Yoon, J.-H., Kang, S.-J., Lee, S.-Y. & Oh, T.-K. Marivita hallyeonensis sp. nov., isolated from seawater, reclassification of Gaetbulicola byunsanensis as Marivita byunsanensis comb. nov. and emended description of the genus Marivita Hwang et al. 2009. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 839-843 (2012).

Yoon, J.-H., Kang, S.-J., Park, S. & Oh, T. K. Reclassification of the three species of the genus Krokinobacter into the genus Dokdonia as Dokdonia genika comb. nov., Dokdonia diaphoros comb. nov. and Dokdonia eikasta comb. nov., and emended description of the genus Dokdonia Yoon et al. 2005. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 1896-1901 (2012).

Yoon, M.-H. & Im, W.-T. Flavisolibacter ginsengiterrae gen. nov., sp. nov. and Flavisolibacter ginsengisoli sp. nov., isolated from ginseng cultivating soil. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 1834-1839 (2007).

Young, J. M. The genus name Ensifer Casida 1982 takes priority over Sinorhizobium Chen et al. 1988, and Sinorhizobium morelense Wang et al. 2002 is a later synonym of Ensifer adhaerens Casida 1982. Is the combination ‘Sinorhizobium adhaerens’ (Casida 1982) Willems et al. 2003 legitimate? Request for an Opinion. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 53, 2107-2110 (2003).

Yu, Y., Yan, S.-L., Li, H.-R. & Zhang, X.-H. Roseicitreum antarcticum gen. nov., sp. nov., an aerobic bacteriochlorophyll a-containing alphaproteobacterium isolated from Antarctic sandy intertidal sediment. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 2173-2179 (2011).

Yu, Y., Li, H.-R., Zeng, Y.-X., Sun, K. & Chen, B. Pricia antarctica gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the family Flavobacteriaceae, isolated from Antarctic intertidal sediment. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 2218-2223 (2012).

Yuan, L.-J. et al. Alloactinosynnema album gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the family Actinosynnemataceae isolated from soil. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 39-43 (2010).

Yukphan, P. et al. Neoasaia chiangmaiensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel osmotolerant acetic acid bacterium in the &alpha:-Proteobacteria. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 51, 301-311 (2005).

Yukphan, P. et al. Tanticharoenia sakaeratensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a new osmotolerant acetic acid bacterium in the α-Proteobacteria. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 72, 672-676 (2008).

Yukphan, P. et al. Ameyamaea chiangmaiensis gen. nov., sp. nov., an acetic acid bacterium in the α-Proteobacteria. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 73, 2156-2162 (2009).

Yukphan, P. et al. Neokomagataea gen. nov., with descriptions of Neokomagataea thailandica sp. nov. and Neokomagataea tanensis sp. nov., osmotolerant acetic acid bacteria of the α-Proteobacteria. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 75, 419-426 (2011).

Zavarzina, D. G. et al. Geoalkalibacter ferrihydriticus gen. nov. sp. nov., the first alkaliphilic representative of the family Geobacteraceae, isolated from a soda lake. Microbiology (English translation of Mikrobiologiya) 75, 673-682 (2006).

Zavarzina, D. G., Tourova, T. P., Kolganova, T. V., Boulygina, E. S. & Zhilina, T. N. Description of Anaerobacillus alkalilacustre gen. nov., sp. nov. - Strictly anaerobic diazotrophic bacillus isolated from soda lake and transfer of Bacillus arseniciselenatis, Bacillus macyae, and Bacillus alkalidiazotrophicus to Anaerobacillus as the new combinations A. arseniciselenatis comb. nov., A. macyae comb. nov., and A. alkalidiazotrophicus comb. nov. Microbiology 78, 723-731 (2009).

Zeevi Ben Yosef, D., Ben-Dov, E. & Kushmaro, A. Amorphus coralli gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine bacterium isolated from coral mucus, belonging to the order Rhizobiales. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 2704-2709 (2008).

Zhang, D.-C., Redzic, M., Schinner, F. & Margesin, R. Glaciimonas immobilis gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the family Oxalobacteraceae isolated from alpine glacier cryoconite. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 2186-2190 (2011).

Zhang, G. I., Hwang, C. Y. & Cho, B. C. Thalassobaculum litoreum gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the family Rhodospirillaceae isolated from coastal seawater. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 479-485 (2008).

Zhang, K. et al. Parasegetibacter luojiensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the phylum Bacteroidetes isolated from a forest soil. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 3058-3062 (2009).

Zhang, K., Song, L. & Dong, X. Proteiniclasticum ruminis gen. nov., sp. nov., a strictly anaerobic proteolytic bacterium isolated from yak rumen. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 2221-2225 (2010).

Zhang, L., Xu, Z. & Patel, B. K. C. Frondicola australicus gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from decaying leaf litter from a pine forest. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 1177-1182 (2007).

Zhang, N. N., Qu, J. H., Yuan, H. L., Sun, Y. M. & Yang, J. S. Flavihumibacter petaseus gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from soil of a subtropical rainforest. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 1609-1612 (2010).

Zhang, Y.-Q. et al. Zhihengliuella halotolerans gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the family Micrococcaceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 1018-1023 (2007).

Zhang, Y.-Q. et al. Sinosporangium album gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the suborder Streptosporangineae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 592-597 (2011).

Zhao, B. & Chen, S. Alkalitalea saponilacus gen. nov., sp. nov., an obligately anaerobic, alkaliphilic, xylanolytic bacterium from a meromictic soda lake. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 2618-2623 (2012).

Zhao, C., Gao, Z., Qin, Q., Li, F. & Ruan, L. Desulfobaculum xiamenensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the family Desulfovibrionaceae isolated from marine mangrove sediment. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 1570-1575 (2012).

Zhao, C., Gao, Z., Qin, Q. & Ruan, L. Mangroviflexus xiamenensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the family Marinilabiliaceae isolated from mangrove sediment. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 1819-1824 (2012).

Zhao, J.-S., Manno, D. & Hawari, J. Psychrilyobacter atlanticus gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine member of the phylum Fusobacteria that produces H₂ and degrades nitramine. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 491-497 (2009).

Zheng, Q. et al. Mameliella alba gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine bacterium of the Roseobacter clade in the order Rhodobacterales. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 953-957 (2010).

Zhilina, T. N. et al. Alkaliflexus imshenetskii gen. nov. sp. nov., a new alkaliphilic gliding carbohydratefermenting bacterium with propionate formation from a soda lake. Arch. Microbiol. 182, 244-253 (2004).

Zhilina, T. N. et al. Fuchsiella alkaliacetigena gen. nov., sp. nov., an alkaliphilic, lithoautotrophic homoacetogen from a soda lake. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 1666-1673 (2012).

Zhou, E.-M. et al. Thermocatellispora tengchongensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Streptosporangiaceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 2417-2423 (2012).

Zhou, E.-M. et al. Thermoactinospora rubra gen. nov., sp. nov., a thermophilic actinomycete isolated from Tengchong, Yunnan province, south-west China. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 102, 177-185 (2012).

Zhou, Y., Wei, W., Wang, X. & Lai, R. Proposal of Sinomonas flava gen. nov., sp. nov., and description of Sinomonas atrocyanea comb. nov. to accommodate Arthrobacter atrocyaneus. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 259-263 (2009).

Zhou, Y., Xu, J., Xu, L. & Tindall, B. J. Falsibacillus pallidus to replace the homonym Bacillus pallidus Zhou et al. 2008. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 3176-3180 (2009).

Zhou, Y. et al. Description of Sinobacter flavus gen. nov., sp. nov., and proposal of Sinobacteraceae fam. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 184-189 (2008).

References for Cyanobacteria

Anagnostidis, K. Nomenclatural changes in cyanoprokaryotic order Oscillatoriales. Preslia 73, 359-375 (2001).

Casamatta, D. A., Gomez, S. R. & Johansen, J. R. Rexia erecta gen. et sp. nov. and Capsosira lowei sp. nov., two newly described cyanobacterial taxa from the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (USA). Hydrobiologia 561, 13-26 (2006).

Cavalier-Smith, T. The neomuran origin of archaebacteria, the negibacterial root of the universal tree and bacterial megaclassification. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 52, 7-76 (2002).

Choi, D. H., Noh, J. H., Lee, C. M. & Rho, S. Rubidibacter lacunae gen. nov., sp. nov., a unicellular, phycoerythrin-containing cyanobacterium isolated from seawater of Chuuk lagoon, Micronesia. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 2807-2811 (2008).

Dadheech, P. K., Abed, R. M. M., Mahmoud, H., Krishna Mohan, M. & Krienitz, L. Polyphasic characterization of cyanobacteria isolated from desert crusts, and the description of Desertifilum tharense gen. et sp. nov. (Oscillatoriales). Phycologia 51, 260-270 (2012).

Engene, N. et al. Moorea producens gen. nov., sp. nov. and Moorea bouillonii comb. nov., tropical marine cyanobacteria rich in bioactive secondary metabolites. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 1171-1178 (2012).

Fiore, M. F. et al. The cyanobacterial genus Brasilonema, gen. nov., a molecular and phenotypic evaluation. J. Phycol. 43, 789-798 (2007).

Garcia-Pichel, Nübel, U. & Muyzer, G. The phylogeny of unicellular, extremely halotolerant cyanobacteria. Arch. Microbiol. 169, 469-482 (1998).

Greuter, W. et al. NCU-3: Names in Current Use for Extant Plant Genera. Regnum Veg. 129, xxvii + 1-1464 (1993).

Hindák, F. Thermal microorganisms from a hot spring on the coast of Lake Bogoria, Kenya. Nova Hedwig Beih. 123, 77-93 (2001).

Hindák, F. Four new chroococcalean species (Cyanophyta/Cyanobacteria) from Western Slovakia. Biologia, Bratislava 57, 415-422 (2002).

Hoffmann, L., Komárek, J. & Kaštovský, J. System of cyanoprokaryotes (cyanobacteria) - state in 2004. Arch. Hydrobiol. Suppl. Algol. Stud. 117, 95-115 (2005).

Joosten, T. Flora of the Blue-green Algae of the Netherlands, 1. The non-filamentous Species of Inland Waters (KNNV, Utrecht, 2006).

Komárek, J. The cyanobacterial genus Macrospermum. Fottea 8, 79-86 (2008).

Komárek, J., Zapomelova, E. & Hindak, F. Cronbergia gen. nov., a new cyanobacterial genus (Cyanophyta) with a special strategy of heterocyte formation. Cryptogam., Algol. 31, 321-341 (2010).

Komárek, J., Kaštovský, J. & Jezberová, J. Phylogenetic and taxonomic delimitation of the cyanobacterial genus Aphanothece and description of Anathece gen. nov. Eur. J. Phycol. 46, 315-326 (2011).

Komárková, J., Jezberová, J., Komárek, O. & Zapomĕlová, E. Variability of Chroococcus (Cyanobacteria) morphospecies with regard to phylogenetic relationships. Hydrobiologia 639, 69-83 (2010).

Korelusová, J., Kaštovský, J. & Komárek, J. Heterogeneity of the cyanobacterial genus Synechocystis and description of a new genus, Geminocystis. J. Phycol. 45, 928-937 (2009).

Lamprinou, V. et al. Morphology and molecular evaluation of Iphinoe spelaeobios gen. nov., sp. nov. and Loriellopsis cavernicola gen. nov., sp. nov., two stigonematalean cyanobacteria from Greek and Spanish caves. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 2907-2915 (2011).

Lamprinou, V., Skaraki, K., Kotoulas, G., Economou-Amilli, A. & Pantazidou, A. Toxopsis calypsus gen. nov., sp. nov. (Cyanobacteria, Nostocales) from cave ‘Francthi’, Peloponnese, Greece: A morphological and molecular evaluation. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 2870-2877 (2012).

Margheri, M. C., Ventura, S., Kaštovský, J. & Komárek, J. The taxonomic validation of the cyanobacterial genus Halothece. Phycologia 47, 477-486 (2008).

Novis, P. M. & Visnovsky, G. Novel alpine algae from New Zealand: Cyanobacteria. Phytotaxa 22, 1-24 (2011).

Oren, A. Problems associated with the taxonomic validation of the cyanobacterial genus Halothece by Margheri et al. 2008, Phycologia 47: 477-486. Phycologia 48, 313-314 (2009).

Perkerson III, R. B. et al. A unique pseudanabaenalean (Cyanobacteria) genus Nodosilinea gen. nov. based on morphological and molecular data. J. Phycol. 47, 1397-1412 (2011).

Rajaniemi, P. et al. Taxonomic consequences from the combined molecular and phenotype evaluation of selected Anabaena and Aphanizomenon strains. Arch. Hydrobiol. Suppl. Algol. Stud. 117, 371-391 (2005).

Řeháková, K., Johansen, J. R., Casamatta, D. A., Xuesong, L. & Vincent, J. Morphological and molecular characterization of selected desert soil cyanobacteria: Three species new to science including Mojavia pulchra gen. et sp. nov. Phycologia 46, 481-502 (2007).

Sant'Anna, C. L., Azevedo, T. M. P., Kaštovský, J. & Komárek, J. Two form-genera of aerophytic heterocytous cyanobacteria from Brasilian rainy forest „Mata Atlântica”. Fottea 10, 217-228 (2010).

Siegesmund, M. A., Johansen, J. R., Karsten, U. & Friedl, T. Coleofasciculus gen. nov. (Cyanobacteria): Morphological and molecular criteria for revision of the genus Microcoleus Gomont. J. Phycol. 44, 1572-1585 (2008).

Turicchia, S., Ventura, S., Komárková & Komárek, J. Taxonomic evaluation of cyanobacterial microflora from alkaline marshes of northern Belize. 2. Diversity of oscillatorialean genera. Nova Hedwigia 89, 165-200 (2009).

Wacklin, P., Hoffmann, L. & Komárek, J. Nomenclatural validation of the genetically revised cyanobacterial genus Dolichospermum (Ralfs ex Bornet et Flahault) comb. nova. Fottea 9, 59-64 (2009).

Werner, V. R., Sant'anna, C. L. & Azevedo, M. T. P. Cyanoaggregatum brasiliense gen. et sp. nov., a new chroococcal Cyanobacteria from Southern Brazil. Revista Brasil. Bot. 31, 491-497 (2008).

Yamagishi, T. Encyclopedia, Genera of Freshwater Algae (Uchida Rokakuho, Tokyo, 2007) in Japanese.

Zapomĕlová, E. et al. Polyphasic characterization of three strains of Anabaena reniformis and Aphanizomenon aphanizomenoides (Cyanobacteria) and their reclassification to Sphaerospermum gen. nov. (incl. Anabaena kisseleviana). J. Phycol. 45, 1363-1373 (2009).

Zapomĕlová, E. et al. Nomenclatural note: Polyphasic characterization of three strains of Anabaena reniformis and Aphanizomenon aphanizomenoides (Cyanobacteria) and their reclassification to Sphaerospermum gen. nov. (incl. Anabaena kisseleviana) (45:1363-73). J. Phycol. 46, 415 (2010).

References for Archaea

Amoozegar, M. A., Makhdoumi-Kakhki, A., Shahzadeh Fazeli, S. A., Azarbaijani, R. & Ventosa, A. Halopenitus persicus gen. nov., sp. nov., an archaeon from an inland salt lake. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 1932-1936 (2012).

Bardavid, R. E., Mana, L. & Oren, A. Haloplanus natans gen. nov., sp. nov., an extremely halophilic, gas-vacuolate archaeon isolated from Dead Sea-Red Sea water mixtures in experimental outdoor ponds. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 780-783 (2007).

Bräuer, S. L., Cadillo-Quiroz, H., Ward, R. J., Yavitt, J. B. & Zinder, S. H. Methanoregula boonei gen. nov., sp. nov., an acidiphilic methanogen isolated from an acidic peat bog. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 45-52 (2011).

Burns, D. G. et al. Haloquadratum walsbyi gen. nov., sp. nov., the square haloarchaeon of Walsby, isolated from saltern crystallizers in Australia and Spain. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 387-392 (2007).

Burns, D. G. et al. Halonotius pteroides gen. nov., sp. nov., an extremely halophilic archaeon recovered from a saltern crystallizer. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 1196-1199 (2010).

Cadillo-Quiroz, H., Yavitt, J. B. & Zinder, S. H. Methanosphaerula palustris gen. nov., sp. nov., a hydrogenotrophic methanogen isolated from a minerotrophic fen peatland. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 928-935 (2009).

Castillo, A. M. et al. Halostagnicola larsenii gen. nov., sp. nov., an extremely halophilic archaeon from a saline lake in Inner Mongolia, China. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 1519-1524 (2006).

Castillo, A. M. et al. Halovivax asiaticus gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel extremely halophilic archaeon isolated from Inner Mongolia, China. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 765-770 (2006a).

Cheng, L. et al. Methermicoccus shengliensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a thermophilic methylotrophic methanogen isolated from oil-production water, and proposal of Methermicoccaceae fam. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 2964-2969 (2007).

Cui, H.-L. et al. Halopelagius inordinatus gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Halobacteriaceae isolated from a marine solar saltern. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 2089-2093 (2010).

Cui, H.-L., Gao, X., Yang, X. & Xu, X.-W. Halolamina pelagica gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Halobacteriaceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 1617-1621 (2011).

Cui, H.-L., Yang, X., Gao, X. & Xu, X.-W. Halobellus clavatus gen. nov., sp. nov. and Halorientalis regularis gen. nov., sp. nov., two new members of the family Halobacteriaceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 2682-2689 (2011).

Dridi, B., Fardeau, M.-L., Ollivier, B., Raoult, D. & Drancourt, M. Methanomassiliicoccus luminyensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a methanogenic archaeon isolated from human faeces. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 1902-1907 (2012).

Garrity, G. M., Bell, J. A. & Lilburn, T. in Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd Edn, Vol. 2. (eds. Brenner, D. J., Krieg, N. R. & Staley, J. T.) 159-220 (Springer-Verlag, New York, 2005).

Gutiérrez, M. C. et al. Halopiger xanaduensis gen. nov., sp. nov., an extremely halophilic archaeon isolated from saline Lake Shangmatala in Inner Mongolia, China. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 1402-1407 (2007).

Imachi, H. et al. Methanolinea tarda gen. nov., sp. nov., a methane-producing archaeon isolated from a methanogenic digester sludge. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 294-301 (2008).

Inoue, K., Itoh, T., Ohkuma, M. & Kogure, K. Halomarina oriensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a halophilic archaeon isolated from a seawater aquarium. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 942-946 (2011).

Itoh, T., Yamaguchi, T., Zhou, P. & Takashina, T. Natronolimnobius baerhuensis gen. nov., sp. nov. and Natronolimnobius innermongolicus sp. nov., novel haloalkaliphilic archaea isolated from soda lakes in Inner Mongolia, China. Extremophiles 9, 111-116 (2005).

Itoh, T., Yoshikawa, N. & Takashina, T. Thermogymnomonas acidicola gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel thermoacidophilic, cell wall-less archaeon in the order Thermoplasmatales, isolated from a solfataric soil in Hakone, Japan. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 2557-2561 (2007).

Lomans, B. P. et al. Isolation and characterization of Methanomethylovorans hollandica gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from freshwater sediment, a methylotrophic methanogen able to grow on dimethyl sulfide and methanethiol. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65, 3641-3650 (1999).

Makhdoumi-Kakhki, A., Amoozegar, M. A., Bagheri, M., Ramezani, M. & Ventosa, A. Haloarchaeobius iranensis gen. nov., sp. nov., an extremely halophilic archaeon isolated from a saline lake. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 1021-1026 (2012).

Makhdoumi-Kakhki, A., Amoozegar, M. A. & Ventosa, A. Halovenus aranensis gen. nov., sp. nov., an extremely halophilic archaeon from Aran-Bidgol salt lake. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 1331-1336 (2012).

Minegishi, H., Echigo, A., Nagaoka, S., Kamekura, M. & Usami, R. Halarchaeum acidiphilum gen. nov., sp. nov., a moderately acidophilic haloarchaeon isolated from commercial solar salt. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 2513-2516 (2010).

Niederbeger, T. D., Götz, D. K., McDonald, I. R., Ronimus, R. S. & Morgan, H. W. Ignisphaera aggregans gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel hyperthermophilic crenarchaeote isolated from hot springs in Rotorua and Tokaanu, New Zealand. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56, 965-971 (2006).

Perevalova, A. A. et al. Fervidicoccus fontis gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic, thermophilic crenarchaeote from terrestrial hot springs, and proposal of Fervidicoccaceae fam. nov. and Fervidicoccales ord. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 2082-2088 (2010).

Prokofeva, M. I. et al. Isolation of the anaerobic thermoacidophilic crenarchaeote Acidilobus saccharovorans sp. nov. and proposal of Acidilobales ord. nov., including Acidilobaceae fam. nov. and Caldisphaeraceae fam. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 3116-3122 (2009).

Sakai et al. Methanocella paludicola gen. nov., sp. nov., a methane-producing archaeon, the first isolate of the lineage ‘Rice Cluster I’, and proposal of the new archaeal order Methanocellales ord. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 929-936 (2008).

Savage, K. N., Krumholz, L. R., Oren, A. & Elshahed, M. S. Haladaptatus paucihalophilus gen. nov., sp. nov., a halophilic archaeon isolated from a low-salt, sulfide-rich spring. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 19-24 (2007).

Savage, K. N., Krumholz, L. R., Oren, A. & Elshahed, M. S. Halosarcina pallida gen. nov., sp. nov., a halophilic archaeon from a low-salt, sulfide-rich spring. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 856-860 (2008).

Shimane, Y. et al. Natronoarchaeum mannanilyticum gen. nov., sp. nov., an aerobic, extremely halophilic archaeon isolated from commercial salt. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 2529-2534 (2010).

Shimane, Y. et al. Salarchaeum japonicum gen. nov., sp. nov., an aerobic, extremely halophilic member of the Archaea isolated from commercial salt. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 2266-2270 (2011).

Xue, Y. et al. Halalkalicoccus tibetensis gen. nov., sp. nov., representing a novel genus of haloalkaliphilic archaea. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 2501-2505 (2005).

Yashiro, Y. et al. Methanoregula formicica sp. nov., a methane-producing archaeon isolated from methanogenic sludge. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61, 53-59 (2011).

References for Amoebozoa (excluding Mycetozoa)

Adl, S. M. et al. The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 52, 399-451 (2005).

Brown, M. W., Spiegel, F. W. & Silberman, J. D. Amoeba at attention: Phylogenetic affinity of Sappinia pedata. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 54, 511-519 (2007).

Brugerolle, G. & Patterson, D. J. in The Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa, 2nd ed. (eds. Lee, J. J., Leedale, G. F. & Bradbury, P.) 1097-1103 (Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence, 2000).

Cavalier-Smith, T. Amoeboflagellates and mitochondrial cristae in eukaryote evolution: Megasystematics of the new protozoan subkingdoms Eozoa and Neozoa. Arch. Protistenkd. 147, 237-258 (1996/7).

Cavalier-Smith, T., Chao, E. E.-Y. & Oates, B. Molecular phylogeny of Amoebozoa and the evolutionary significance of the unikont Phalanstelium. Eur. J. Protistol. 40, 21-48 (2004).

Cepicka, I. Rhizomastix biflagellata sp. nov., a new amoeboflagellate of uncertain phylogenetic position isolated from frogs. Eur. J. Protistol. 47, 10-15 (2011).

Chakraborty, S. & Pussard, M. Ripidomyxa australiensis nov. gen. nov. sp., a mycophagous amoeba from Australian soil. Protistologica 21, 133-140 (1985).

Cole, J. et al. A description of a new "amoebozoan" isolated from the American lobster, Homarus americanus. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 57, 40-47 (2010).

Dyková, I., Kostka, M. & Pecková, H. Grellamoeba robusta gen. n., sp. n., a possible member of the family Acramoebidae Smirnov, Nassonova et Cavalier-Smith, 2008. Eur. J. Protistol. 46, 77-85 (2010).

Katz, L. A. et al. Subulatomonas tetraspora nov. gen. nov. sp. is a member of a previously unrecognized major clade of eukaryotes. Protist 162, 762-773 (2011).

Kudryavtsev, A. & Hausmann, K. Spumochlamys iliensis n.g. n. sp. (Testacealobosia, Microchlamydiidae) from Central Asia, with notes on the diversity of Microchlamys-like testate amoeba. Eur. J. Protistol. 43, 185-191 (2007).

Kudryavtsev, A., Wylezich, C., Schlegel, M., Walochnik, J. & Michel, R. Ultrastructure, SSU rRNA gene sequences and phylogenetic relationships of Flamella Schaeffer, 1926 (Amoebozoa), with description of three new species. Protist 160, 21-40 (2009).

Meisterfeld, R. in The Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa, 2nd ed. (eds. Lee, J. J., Leedale, G. F. & Bradbury, P.) 827-860 (Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence, 2000).

Minge, M. A. et al. Evolutionary position of breviate amoebae and the primary eukaryote divergence. Proc. R. Soc. B 276, 597-604 (2009).

Moran, D. M., Anderson, O. R., Dennett, M. R., Caron, D. A. & Gast, R. J. A description of seven Antarctic marine gymnamoebae including a new subspecies, two new species and a new genus: Neoparamoeba aestuarina antarctica n. subsp., Platyamoeba oblongata n. sp., Platyamoeba contorta n. sp. and Vermistella antarctica n. gen. n. sp. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 54, 169-183 (2007).

Patterson, D. J., Simpson, A. G. B. & Rogerson, A. in The Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa, 2nd ed. (eds. Lee, J. J., Leedale, G. F. & Bradbury, P.) 804-827 (Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence, 2000).

Rogerson, A. & Patterson, D. J. in The Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa, 2nd ed. (eds. Lee, J. J., Leedale, G. F. & Bradbury, P.) 1023-1053 (Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence, 2000).

Smirnov, A. et al. Molecular phylogeny and classification of the lobose amoeba. Protist 156, 129-142 (2005).

Smirnov, A. V., Nassonova, E. S., Chao, E. & Cavalier-Smith, T. Phylogeny, evolution, and taxonomy of vannellid Amoebae. Protist 158, 295-324 (2007).

Smirnov, A. V., Nassonova, E. S. & Cavalier-Smith, T. Correct identification of species makes the amoebozoan rRNA tree congruent with morphology for the order Leptomyxida Page 1987; with description of Acramoeba dendroida n. g., n. sp., originally misidentified as ‘Gephyramoeba sp.’ Eur. J. Protistol. 44, 35-44 (2008).

Smirnov, A. V.. Chao, E., Nassonova, E. S. & Cavalier-Smith, T. A revised classification of naked lobose amoebae (Amoebozoa: Lobosa). Protist 162, 545-570 (2011).

Snegovaya, N. & Alekperov, I. Fauna of testate amoebae of western Azerbaijan rivers. Protistology 4, 149-183 (2005).

Snegovaya, N. & Alekperov, I. New testate amoebae (Protozoa, Testacea) from the Northern-East Azerbaijan inland water bodies. Protistology 6, 111-125 (2009).

Tekle, Y. I. et al. Phylogenetic placement of diverse amoebae inferred from multigene analyses and assessment of clade stability within ’Amoebozoa‘ upon removal of varying rate classes of SSU-rDNA. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 47, 339-352 (2008).

Walker, G., Dacks, J. B. & Embley, T. M. Ultrastructural description of Breviata anathema n. gen., n. sp., the organism previously studied as "Mastigamoeba invertans". J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 53, 65-78 (2006).

References for Mycetozoa

Cavalier-Smith, T., Chao, E. E.-Y. & Oates, B. Molecular phylogeny of Amoebozoa and the evolutionary significance of the unikont Phalanstelium. Eur. J. Protistol. 40, 21-48 (2004).

Fiore-Donno, A. M., Haskins, E. F., Pawlowski, J. & Cavalier-Smith, T. Semimorula liquescens is a modified echinostelid myxomycete (Mycetozoa). Mycologia 101, 773-776 (2009).

Fiore-Donno, A. M., Kamono, A., Chao, E. E., Fukui, M. & Cavalier-Smith, T. Invalidation of Hyperamoeba by transferring its species to other genera of Myxogastria. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 57, 189-196 (2010).

Hagiwara, H. The Taxonomic Study of Japanese Dictyostelid Cellular Slime Molds (National Science Museum, Tokyo, Tokyo, 1989).

Haskins, E. F., McGuinness, M. D. & Berry, C. S. Semimorula: new genus with myxomycete and protostelid affinities. Mycologia 75, 153-158 (1983).

Lado, C. Cuadernos de Trabajo de Flora Micológica Ibérica, 16: Nomenmyx. A Taxabase of Myxomycetes (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, 2001).

Lado, C. The nomenclatural status of the genus Tubifera (Myxomycetes). Taxon 60, 221-222 (2011).

Lado, C., Eliasson, U., Stephenson, S. L., Estrada-Torres, A. & Schnittler, M. (1688-1691) Proposals to conserve the names Amaurochaete against Lachnobolus, Ceratiomyxa against Famintzinia, Cribraria Pers. against Cribraria Schrad. ex J. F. Gmel. and Hemitrichia against Hyporhamma (Myxomycetes). Taxon 54, 543-545 (2005).

Martin, G. W., Alexopoulos, C. J. & Farr, M. L. The Genera of Myxomycetes (University of Iowa Press, Iowa, 1983).

Michel, R., Walochnik, J. & Aspöck, H. Pseudodidymium cryptomastigophorum gen. n., sp. n., a Hyperamoeba or a slime mould? A combined study on morphology and 18S rDNA sequence data. Acta Protozool. 42, 331-343 (2003).

Olive, L. S. The Mycetozoa: A revised classification. Bot. Rev. 36, 59-89 (1970).

Olive, L. S. The Mycetozoans (Academic Press, New York, 1975).

Olive, L. S. & Stoianovitch, C. Clastostelium, a new ballistosporous protostelid (Mycetozoa) with flagellate cells. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 69, 83-88 (1977).

Olive, L. S. & Stoianovitch, C. A new microsporangial protostelid, Microglomus paxillus gen. and sp. nov. J. Protozool. 24, 485-489 (1977).

Olive, L. S., Bennett, W. E. & Deasey, M. C. The new protostelid genus Endostelium. Mycologia 76, 884-891 (1984).

Poulain, M., Meyer, M. & Bozonnet, J. Les Myxomycètes (Fédération mycologique et botanique Dauphiné-Savoie, Sevrier, 2011).

Spiegel, F. W., Gecks, S. C. & Feldman, J. Revision of the genus Protostelium (Eumycetozoa) I: The Protostelium mycophaga group and the P. irregularis group. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 41, 511-518 (1994).

Spiegel, F. W., Moore, D. L. & Feldman, J. Tychosporium acutostipes, a new protostelid which modifies the concept of the Protosteliidae. Mycologia 87, 265-270 (1995).

Yamamoto, Y. The Myxomycete Biota of Japan (Toyo Shorin, Tokyo, 1998).

References for choanozoans

Arkush, K. D., Mendoza, L., Adkison, M. A. & Hedrick, R. P. Observations on the life stages of Sphaerothecum destruens n. g., n. sp., a mesomycetozoean fish pathogen formally referred to as the rosette agent. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 50, 430-438 (2003).

Brown, M. W., Spiegel, F. W. & Silberman, J. D. Phylogeny of the “forgotten” cellular slime mold, Fonticula alba, reveals a key evolutionary branch within Opisthokonta. Mol. Biol. Evol. 26, 2699-2709 (2009).

Cafaro, M. J. Eccinales (Trichomycetes) are not fungi, but a clade of protists at the early divergence of animals and fungi. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 35, 21-34 (2005).

Cavalier-Smith, T. A revised six-kingdom system of life. Biol. Rev. 73, 203-266 (1998).

Cavalier-Smith, T. & Chao, E. E.-Y. Phylogeny of Choanozoa, Apusozoa, and other Protozoa and early eukaryote megaevolution. J. Mol. Evol. 56, 540-563 (2003).

Doweld, A. Diplosoeca - A new generic name in Craspedophyceae. Bull. Mosc. Soc. Natur. Biol. Ser. 108, 59-60 (2003).

Feldman, S. H., Wimsatt, J. H. & Green, D. E. Phylogenetic classification of the frog pathogen Amphibiothecum (Dermosporidium) penneri based on small ribosomal subunit sequencing. J. Wildl. Dis 41, 701-706 (2005).

Gromov, B. V. Algal parasites of the genera Aphelidium, Amoeboaphelidium, and Pseudaphelidium from the Cienkovski's "Monadinea" group as representatives of a new class. Zool. Zhurn. 79, 517-525 (2000).

Hara, S. & Takahashi, E. Re-investigation of Polyoeca dichotoma and Acanthoeca spectabilis (Acanthoecidae: Choanoflagellida). J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 64, 819-827 (1984).

Hertel, L. A., Bayne, C. J. & Loker, E. S. The symbiont Capsaspora owczarzaki, nov. gen. nov. sp., isolated from three strains of the pulmonate snail Biomphalaria glabrata is related to members of the Mesomycetozoea. Int. J. Parasitol. 32, 1183-1191 (2002).

Jøstensen, J.-P., Sperstad, S., Johansen, S. & Landfald, B. Molecular-phylogenetic, structural and biochemical features of a cold-adapted, marine ichthyosporean near the animal-fungal divergence, described from in vitro cultures. Eur. J. Protistol. 38, 93-104 (2002).

Kirk, P. M., Cannon, P. F., Minter, D. W. & Stalpers, J. A. eds. Dictionary of Fungi, 10th Edn. (CABI International, Wallingford, 2008).

Leadbeater, B. S. C. & Thomsen, H. A. in The Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa, 2nd ed. (eds. Lee, J. J., Leedale, G. F. & Bradbury, P.) 14-38 (Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence, 2000).

Leadbeater, B. S. C., Hassan, R., Nelson, M., Carr, M. & Baldauf, S. L. A new genus, Helgoeca gen. nov., for a nudiform choanoflagellate. Eur. J. Protistol. 44, 227-237 (2008).

Lohr, J. N., Laforsch, C., Koerner, H. & Wolinska, J. A Daphnia parasite (Caullerya mesnili) constitutes a new member of the Ichthyosporea, a group of protists near the animal-fungi divergence. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 57, 328-336 (2010).

Marshall, W., Celio, G., McLaughlin, D. J. & Berbee, M. L. Multiple isolations of a culturable, motile ichthyosporean (Mesomycetozoa, Opisthokonta), Creolimax fragrantissima n. gen., n. sp., from marine invertebrate digestive tracts. Protist 159, 415-433 (2008).

Marshall, W. L. & Berbee, M. L. Facing unknowns: Living cultures (Pirum gemmata gen. nov., sp. nov., and Abeoforma whisleri, gen. nov., sp. nov.) from invertebrate digestive tracts represent an undescribed clade within the unicellular opisthokont lineage Ichthyosporea (Mesomycetozoea). Protist 162, 33-57 (2011).

Mendoza, L., Taylor, J. W. & Ajello, L. The class Mesomycetozoea: A heterogeneous group of microorganisms at the animal-fungal boundary. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 56, 315-344 (2002).

Nitsche, F. et al. Deep sea records of choanoflagellates with a description of two new species. Acta Protozool. 46, 99-106 (2007).

Nitsche, F., Carr, M., Arndt, H. & Leadbeater, B. S. C. Higher level taxonomy and molecular phylogenetics of the Choanoflagellatea. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 58, 452-462 (2011).

Özdikmen, H. Substitute names for some unicellular animal taxa (Protozoa). Mun. Ent. Zool. 4, 233-256 (2009).

Pereira, C. N. et al. The pathogen of frogs Amphibiocystidium ranae is a member of the order Dermocystida in the class Mesomycetozoea. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43, 192-198 (2005).

Ruiz-Trillo, I. et al. Capsaspora owczarzaki is an independent opisthokont lineage. Curr. Biol. 14, R946-R947 (2004).

Ruiz-Trillo, I., Roger, A. J., Burger, G., Gray, M. W. & Lang, B. F. A phylogenomic investigation into the origin of Metazoa. Mol. Biol. Evol. 25, 664-672 (2008).

Shalchian-Tabrizi, K. et al. Multigene phylogeny of Choanozoa and the origin of animals. PLoS ONE 3, e2098 (2008).

References for Porifera

Alvarez, B. & Hooper, J. N. A. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 724-747 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Alvarez, B., Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M. Pipestela, a new genus of Axinellidae (Porifera: Demospongiae: Halichondrida) and description of three new species. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 52, 105-118 (2008).

Alvarez, B. & Van Soest, R. W. M. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 748-754 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Bergquist, P. R. & Cook, S. de C. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 1068-1071 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Bergquist, P. R. & Cook, S. de C. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 1072-1076 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Bergquist, P. R. & Cook, S. de C. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 1078-1079 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Bergquist, P. R. & Cook, S. de C. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 1082-1085 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Bergquist, P. R. & Cook, S. de C. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 1086-1088 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Bergquist, P. R. & Cook, S. de C. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 1089-1093 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Bergquist, P. R. & Cook, S. de C. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 1094-1096 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Borojevic, R., Boury-Esnault, N., Manuel, M. & Vacelet, J. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 1141-1152 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Borojevic, R., Boury-Esnault, N., Manuel, M. & Vacelet, J. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 1157-1184 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Borojevic, R., Boury-Esnault, N., Manuel, M. & Vacelet, J. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 1193-1199 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Boury-Esnault, N. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 201-219 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Boury-Esnault, N. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 291-297 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Cook, S. de C. & Bergquist, P. R. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 1022-1027 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Cook, S. de C. & Bergquist, P. R. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 1028-1050 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Cook, S. de C. & Bergquist, P. R. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 1051-1060 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Cook, S. de C. & Bergquist, P. R. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 1061-1066 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Desqueyroux-Faúndez, R. & Valentine, C. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 835-851 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Desqueyroux-Faúndez, R. & Valentine, C. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 874-889 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Desqueyroux-Faúndez, R. & Valentine, C. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 893-905 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Desqueyroux-Faúndez, R. & Valentine, C. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 906-917 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

De Weerdt, W. H. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 852-873 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Duplessis, K. & Reiswig, H. M. Three new species and a new genus of Farreidae (porifera: Hexactinellida: Hexactinosida). Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 117, 199-212 (2004).

Erpenbeck, D. & Van Soest, R. W. M. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 787-815 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Gómez, P. Yucatania clavus, new genus and species of the family Thrombidae (Porifera: Demospongiae: Astrophorida) from the continental shelf off Yucatan, Mexico. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 119, 339-345 (2006).

Maldonado, M. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 141-162 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Muricy, G. & Díaz, M. C. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 71-82 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Hajdu, E. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 665-668 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Hajdu, E. & Lerner, C. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 651-655 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Hajdu, E. & Lôbo-Hajdu, E. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 703-706 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Hajdu, E. & Vacelet, J. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 636-641 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Hajdu, E. & Van Soest, R. W. M. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 642-650 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Hajdu, E. & Van Soest, R. W. M. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 691-693 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Hooper, J. N. A. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 186-195 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Hooper, J. N. A. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 412-431 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Hooper, J. N. A. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 432-468 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Hooper, J. N. A. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 469-510 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Hooper, J. N. A. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 511-513 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Hooper, J. N. A. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 755-772 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Hooper, J. N. A. & Maldonado, M. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 165-167 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 102-104 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 268-274 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Kelly, M. & Samaai, T. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 694-702 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Manconi, R. & Pronzato, R. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 921-1019 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Özdikmen, H. Tabachnickia nom. mpv., a new name for the preoccupied sponge genus Platella Tabachnick, 1988 (Porifera: Hexactenellida). Mun. Ent. Zool. 5, 297-298 (2010).

Pisera, A. & Lévi, C. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 302-311 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Pisera, A. & Lévi, C. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 312-320 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Pisera, A. & Lévi, C. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 321-326 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Pisera, A. & Lévi, C. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 327-337 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Pisera, A. & Lévi, C. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 338-343 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Pisera, A. & Lévi, C. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 344-351 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Pisera, A. & Lévi, C. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 352-355 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Pisera, A. & Lévi, C. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 356-362 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Pisera, A. & Lévi, C. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 363-365 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Pisera, A. & Lévi, C. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 366-373 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Pisera, A. & Lévi, C. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 374-376 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Pisera, A. & Lévi, C. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 377-379 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Pisera, A. & Lévi, C. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 380-383 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Pisera, A. & Lévi, C. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 384-387 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Plotkin, A. S. & Janussen, D. New genus and species of Polymastiidae (Demospongiae: Hadromerida) from the Antarctic deep sea. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 87, 1395-1401 (2007).

Reiswig, H. M. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 1282-1286 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Reiswig, H. M. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 1287-1289 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Reiswig, H. M. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 1290-1292 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Reiswig, H. M. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 1293-1300 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Reiswig, H. M. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 1332-1340 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Reiswig, H. M. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 1341-1354 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Reiswig, H. M. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 1355-1360 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Reiswig, H. M. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 1362-1371 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Reiswig, H. M. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 1372-1376 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Reiswig, H. M. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 1378-1382 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Reiswig, H. M. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 1383-1385 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Reiswig, H. M. & Wheeler, B. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 1301-1331 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Rützler, K. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 173-185 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Rützler, K. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 196-200 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Rützler, K. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 220-223 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Rützler, K. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 266-267 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Rützler, K. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 281-290 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Rützler, K. & Vacelet, J. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 275-278 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Samaai, T. & Kelly, M. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 708-719 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Samaai, T., Govender, V. & Kelly, M. Cyclacanthia n.g. (Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida: Latrunculiidae incertae sedis), a new genus of marine sponges from South African waters, and description of two new species. Zootaxa 725, 1-18 (2004).

Sarà, M. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 245-265 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Schlacher-Hoenlinger, M. A., Pisera, A. & Hooper, J. N. A. Deep-sea “lithistid” assemblages from the Norfolk Ridge (New Caledonia), with description of seven new species and a new genus (Porifera, Demospongiae). Zoosystema 27, 649-698 (2005).

Sim-Smith, C. & Kelly, M. Two new genera in the family Podospongiidae (Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida) with eight new Western Pacific species. Zootaxa 2976, 32-54 (2011).

Tabachnick, K. R. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 1264-1266 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Tabachnick, K. R. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 1388-1434 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Tabachnick, K. R. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 1435-1440 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Tabachnick, K. R. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 1441-1505 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Tabachnick, K. R. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 1506-1509 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Tabachnick, K. R. & Menshenina, L. L. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 1232-1263 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Tabachnick, K. R. & Menshenina, L. L. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 1267-1280 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Uriz, M. J. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 108-126 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Uriz, M. J. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 134-140 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Uriz, M. J. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 163-164 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Vacelet, J. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 824-830 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Vacelet, J. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 1097-1098 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Vacelet, J., Borojevic, R., Boury-Esnault, N. & Manuel, M. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 1153-1156 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Vacelet, J., Borojevic, R., Boury-Esnault, N. & Manuel, M. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 1185-1192 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Vacelet, J., Perez, T. & Hooper, J. N. A. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 1099-1101 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Vacelet, J. A new genus of carnivorous sponges (Porifera: Poecilosclerida, Cladorhizidae) from the deep N-E Pacific, and remarks on the genus Neocladia. Zootaxa 1752, 57-65 (2008).

Van Soest, R. W. M. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 224-226 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Van Soest, R. W. M. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 227-244 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Van Soest, R. W. M. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 279-280 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Van Soest, R. W. M. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 521-527 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Van Soest, R. W. M. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 528-546 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Van Soest, R. W. M. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 547-555 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Van Soest, R. W. M. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 556-566 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Van Soest, R. W. M. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 567-571 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Van Soest, R. W. M. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 572-574 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Van Soest, R. W. M. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 575-593 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Van Soest, R. W. M. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 594-601 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Van Soest, R. W. M. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 602-620 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Van Soest, R. W. M. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 625-632 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Van Soest, R. W. M. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 819-823 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Van Soest, R. W. M. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 918-919 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Van Soest, R. W. M., Erpenbeck, D. & Alvarez, B. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 773-786 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Van Soest, R. W. M. & Hajdu, E. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 621-624 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Van Soest, R. W. M. & Hajdu, E. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 656-664 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Van Soest, R. W. M. & Hajdu, E. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 669-690 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Van Soest, R. W. M. & Hooper, J. N. A. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 99-101 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Van Soest, R. W. M. & Hooper, J. N. A. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 127-133 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Van Soest, R. W. M. & Rützler, K. in Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges (eds. Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M.) 85-98 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2002).

Van Soest, R. W. M. New sciophilous sponges from the Caribbean (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zootaxa 2107, 1-40 (2009).

References for Anthozoa

Alderslade, P. Four new genera of soft corals (Coelenterata: Octocorallia), with notes on the classification of some established taxa. Zool. Med. Leiden 74, 237-249 (2000).

Alderslade, P. Six new genera and six new species of soft coral, and some proposed familial and subfamilial changes within the Alcyonacea (Coelenterata: Octocorallia). Bull. Biol. Soc. Wash. 10, 15-65 (2001).

Alderslade, P. New subfamilies and a new genus and species of Melithaeidae (Coelenterata: Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) with comparative data on the structure of both melithaeid and subergorgiid axes. Zootaxa 1199, 19-47 (2006).

Alderslade, P. & McFadden, C. S. Pinnule-less polyps: A new genus and new species of Indo-Pacific Clavulariidae and validation of the soft coral genus Acrossota and the family Acrossotidae (Coelenterata: Octocorallia). Zootaxa 1400, 27-44 (2007).

Bayer, F. M. Key to the genera of Octocorallia exclusive of Pennatulacea (Coelenterata: Anthozoa), with diagnoses of new taxa. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 94, 902-947 (1981).

Bayer, F. M. Thelogorgia, a new genus of gorgonacean octocorals, with descriptions of four new species from the western Atlantic. Bull. Mar. Sci. 49, 506-537 (1991).

Bayer, F. M. A new scleraxonian octocoral (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) from Antarctic waters. Prec. Cor. Octo. Res. 2, 11-18 (1993).

Bayer, F. M. & Grasshoff, M. The genus group taxa of the family Ellisellidae, with clarification of the genera established by J. E. Gray. Senckenbergiana Biol. 74, 21-45 (1994).

Bayer, F. M. & Cairns, S. D. A new genus of the scleraxonian family Coralliidae (Octocorallia: Gorgonacea). Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 116, 222-228 (2003).

Benayahu, Y. & McFadden, C. S. A new genus of soft coral of the family Alcyoniidae (Cnidaria, Octocorallia) with re-description of a new combination and description of a new species. ZooKeys 84, 1-11 (2011).

Bo, M. et al. Description of Pseudocirrhipathes (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Antipathidae), a new genus of whip black corals from the Indo-Pacific. Ital. J. Zool. 76, 392-402 (2009).

Cairns, S. D., Hoeksema, B. W. & van der Land, J. Appendix: List of extant stony corals. Atoll Res. Bull. 459, 13-46 (1999).

De Blainville, M. in Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles, Vol. 60 (ed. Levrault, F. G.) 1-546 (Le Normant, Paris, 1830).

Fautin, D. G., Zelenchuk, T. & Raveendran, D. Genera of orders Actiniaria and Corallimorpharia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Hexacorallia), and their type species. Zootaxa 1668, 183-244 (2007).

Fautin, D. G. Corallimorphus niwa new species (Cnidaria: Anthozoa), New Zealand members of Corallimorphus, and redefinition of Corallimorphidae and its members. Zootaxa 2775, 37-49 (2011).

Kitahara, M. V. & Cairns, S. D. Monohedotrochus capitolii, a new genus and species of solitary azooxanthellate coral (Scleractinia, Caryophylliidae) from southern Brazil. Zool. Med. Leiden 79, 115-121 (2005).

López-González, P. J., Ocañ:a, O., García-Gómez, J. C. Núñez, J. North-eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean species of Cornulariidae Dana, 1846 (Anthozoa: Stolonifera) with the description of a new genus. Zool. Med. Leiden 69, 261-272 (1995).

López-González, P. J. & Gili, J.-M. Rosgorgia inexspectata, new genus and species of Subergorgiidae (Cnidaria, Octocorallia) from off the Antarctic Peninsula. Polar Biol. 24, 122-126 (2001).

López-González, P. J. & Gili, J.-M. A new genus and species of stoloniferous octocoral from the Azores Archipelago (Cnidaria: Anthozoa). Bull. Biol. Soc. Wash. 10, 130-139 (2001).

López-González, P. J. & Briand, P. A new scleraxonian genus from Josephine Bank, north-eastern Atlantic (Cnidaria, Octocorallia). Hydrobiologia 482, 97-105 (2002).

López-González, P. J. & Gili, J.-M. Azoriella, a new name for Azoria López-González and Gili, 2001 (Octocorallia: Alcyonacea: Clavulariidae) preoccupied by Azoria Mulsant, 1850 (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). J. Nat. Hist. 42, 1687 (2008).

Ocaña, O. & van Ofwegen, L. P. Two new genera and one new species of stoloniferous octocorals (Anthozoa: Clavulariidae). Zool. Verh. Leiden 345, 269-274 (2003).

Opresko, D. M. & Bayer, F. M. Rediscovery of the enigmatic coelenterate Dendrobrachia, (Octocorallia: Gorgonacea) with descriptions of two new species. Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust. 115, 1-19 (1991).

Opresko, D. M. Three new species of Leiopathes (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from Southern Australia. Rec. South Aust. Mus. 31, 99-111 (1998).

Opresko, D. M. Revision of the Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa). Part I. Establishment of a new family, Myriopathidae. Zool. Med. Leiden 75, 343-370 (2001).

Opresko, D. M. Revision of the Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa). Part II. Schizopathidae. Zool. Med. Leiden 76, 411-442 (2002).

Opresko, D. M. Revision of the Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa). Part III. Cladopathidae. Zool. Med. Leiden 77, 495-536 (2003).

Opresko, D. M. Revision of the Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa). Part IV. Establishment of a new family, Aphanipathidae. Zool. Med. Leiden 78, 209-240 (2004).

Opresko, D. M. New genera and species of antipatharian corals (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) from the North Pacific. Zool. Med. Leiden 79, 129-165 (2005).

Opresko, D. M. Revision of the Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa). Part V. Establishment of a new family, Stylopathidae. Zool. Med. Leiden 80, 109-138 (2006).

Opresko, D. M. Nomenclatural note: Heteropathes (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Antipatharia: Cladopathidae): A new name for Heliopathes Opresko, 2003. Zootaxa 2782, 67-68 (2011).

Pasternak, F. A. Specific composition and the ways of forming of the bottom fauna isolated underwater rises. Gorgonaceans and antipatarians of the seamounts Rockeway, Atlantis, Plato, Great-Meteor and Josephin (Atlantic Ocean). Trudy Inst. Okeanol. 120, 21-38 (1985).

Pérez, C. D. & Zamponi, M. O. A new Briareidae Gray, 1859 (Octocorallia, Gogonacea) from the South Georgia Islands. Russ. J. Mar. Biol. 26, 98-102 (2000).

Reimer, J. D., Sinniger, F., Fujiwara, Y., Hirano, S. & Maruyama, T. Morphological and molecular characterization of Abyssoanthus nankaiensis, a new family, new genus and new species of deep-sea zoanthid (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) from a north-west Pacific methane cold seep. Invertebr. Syst. 21, 255-262 (2007).

Reimer, J. D. & Fujii, T. Four new species and one new genus of zoanthids (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Galápagos Islands. ZooKeys 42, 1-36 (2010).

Sinniger, K., Montoya-Burgos, J. I., Chevaldonné, P. & Pawlowski, J. Phylogeny of the order Zoantharia (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) based on the mitochondrial ribosomal genes. Mar. Biol. 147, 1121-1128 (2005).

Tiffon, Y. in Traite de Zoologie, Tome III, Fasicule 3. Cnidaries Anthozoaires (ed. Grassé, P.-P.) 211-256 (Masson, Paris, 1987).

van Ofwegen, L. P. Pseudothelogorgia, a new genus of gorgonacean octocorals from the Indian Ocean. Prec. Cor. Octo. Res. 3, 19-21 (1994).

van Ofwegen, L. P. & Benayahu, Y. A new genus of paralcyoniid soft corals (Octocorallia, Alcyonacea, Paralcyoniidae) from the Indo-West Pacific. Galaxea (Tokyo) 8, 25-37 (2006).

van Ofwegen, L. P., Häussermann, V. & Försterra, G. A nwe genus of soft coral (Octocorallia: Alcyonacea: Clavulariidae) from Chile. Zootaxa 1219, 47-57 (2006).

Veron, J. Corals of the World (Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, 2000).

Verseveldt, J. & Bayer, F. M. Revision of the genera Bellonella, Eleutherobia, Nidalia and Nidaliopsis (Octocorallia: Alcyoniidae and Nidalliidae), with descriptions of two new genera. Zool. Verhand. Leiden 245, 1-131 (1988).

von Marenzeller, E. Ostafrikanische Steinkorallen. Gesammelt von Dr. Stuhlmann 1888 und 1889. Mitt. Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg 18, 117-134 (1901).

Williams, G. C. Living genera of sea pens (Coelenterata: Octocorallia: Pennatulacea): Illustrated key and synopses. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 113, 93-140 (1995).

Williams, G. C. A review of the endemic southern African soft coral genus Pieterfaurea Verseveldt & Bayer, 1988 (Octocorallia: Nidaliidae), with descriptions of three new species. Zool. Med. Leiden 74, 119-142 (2000).

Williams, G. C. A new genus and species of stoloniferous octocoral (Anthozoa: Clavulariidae) from the Pacific coast of North America. Zool. Med. Leiden 73, 333-343 (2000).

Williams, G. C. Two new genera of soft corals (Anthozoa: Alcyoniidae) from south Africa, with a discussion of diversity and endemism in the southern African octocorallian fauna. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 52, 65-75 (2000).

Williams, G. C. A new genus and species of soft coral (Octocorallia: Alcyoniidae) from south Africa. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 52, 87-96 (2000).

Yabe, H. & Sugiyama, T. Recent reef-building corals from Japan and the South Sea islands under the Japanese mandate II. Sci. Rept. Tohoku Univ. 2nd Ser. (Geology) 2, 67-91 (1941).

References for Hydrozoa

Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pagès, F., Gili, J.-M. & Boero, F. An introduction to Hydrozoa (Publications Scientifiques du Muséum, Paris, 2006).

Collins, J. S. H., Ross, A. J., Genzano, G. & Mianzan, H. Earleria gen. nov. & Gabriella gen. nov., replacement names for Foersteria Arai & Brinckmann-Voss, 1980 (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Mitrocomidae) and Foersteria Wehner, 1988 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Prosopidae), junior homonyms of Foersteria Szépligeti, 1896 (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Braconidae). Bull. Mizunami Fossil Mus. 33, 125-126 (2006).

Evans, N. M., Lindner, A., Raikova, E. V., Collins, A. G. & Cartwright, P. Phylogenetic placement of the enigmatic parasite, Polypodium hydriforme, within the Phylum Cnidaria. BMC Evol. Biol. 8, 139 (2008).

Evans, N. M., Lindner, A., Raikova, E. V., Collins, A. G. & Cartwright, P. Correction: Phylogenetic placement of the enigmatic parasite, Polypodium hydriforme, within the Phylum Cnidaria. BMC Evol. Biol. 9, 165 (2009).

Fuentes, V. & Pagès, F. Description of Jubanyella plemmyris gen. nov. et sp. nov. (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Narcomedusae) from a specimen stranded off Jubany Antarctic station, with a new diagnosis for the family Aeginidae. J. Plancton Res. 28, 959-963 (2006).

Gershwin, L.-A. & Zeidler, W. Csiromedusa medeopolis: A remarkable Tasmanian medusa (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Narcomedusae) comprising a new family, genus and species. Zootaxa 2439, 24-34 (2010).

Miranda, L. S., Collins, A. G. & Marques, A. C. Molecules clarify a cnidarian life cycle - The "Hydrozoan" Microhydrula limopsicola is an early life stage of the staurozoan Haliclystus antarcticus. PLoS ONE 5, e10182 (2010).

Raikova, E. V. in Porifera and Cnidaria: Modern and Perspective Investigations (eds. Koltun, V. M. & Stepanjants, S. D.) 116-122 (USSR Academy of Science, Zoological Institute, Leningrad, 1988), in Russian.

Raskoff, K. A. Bathykorus bouilloni: A new genus and species of deep-sea jellyfish from the Arctic Ocean (Hydrozoa, Narcomedusae, Aeginidae). Zootaxa 2361, 57-67 (2010).

References for residual Medusozoa

Gershwin, L. Comments on Chiropsalmus (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Chirodropida): A preliminary revision of the Chiropsalmidae, with descriptions of two new genera and two new species. Zootaxa 1231, 1-42 (2006).

Kramp, P. L. Synopsis of the medusae of the world. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 40, 1-469 (1961).

Larson, R. J. Kyopoda lamberti gen. nov., sp. nov., an atypical stauromedusa (Scyphozoa, Cnidaria) from the eastern Pacific, representing a new family. Can. J. Zool. 66, 2301-2303 (1988).

Larson, R. J. & Fautin, D. G. Stauromedusae of the genus Manania (= Thaumatoscyphus) (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa) in the northeast Pacific, including descriptions of the new species Manania gwilliami and Manania handi. Can. J. Zool. 67, 1543-1549 (1989).

Salvini-Plawen, L. v. Zur Kenntnis der Cnidaria des nordadriatischen Mesopsammon. Veröff. Inst. Meeresforsch. Bremerh. Suppl. 2, 165-186 (1966).

References for Myxozoa

Azevedo, C., Corral, L. & Matos, E. Ultrastructure of Triangulamyxa amazonica n. gen. and n. sp. (Myxozoa, Myxosporea), a parasite of the Amazonian freshwater fish, Sphoeroides testudineus (Teleostei, Tetrodontidae). Eur. J. Protistol. 41, 57-63 (2005).

Køie, M., Karlsbakk, E. & Nylund, A. A new genus Gadimyxa with three new species (Myxozoa, Parvicapsulidae) parasitic in marine fish (Gadidae) and the two-host life cycle of Gadimyxa atlantica n. sp. J. Parasitol. 93, 1459-1467 (2007).

Lom, J. & Dyková, I. Myxozoan genera: Definition and notes on taxonomy, life-cycle terminology and pathogenic species. Folia Parasitol. 53, 1-36 (2006).

References for Ctenophora

Carré, C. & Carré, D. Ceroctena bicornis gen. sp. nov., genre et espèce nouveaux de cténophore méditerranéen (Cydippida, Pleurobrachiidae). C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 313 (ser. III), 559-564 (1991).

Carré, C. & Carré, D. Ctenella aurantia, genre et espèce nouveaux de cténophore tentaculé (Ctenellidae fam. nov.) méditerranéen sans colloblastes et avec ventouses labiales. Can. J. Zool. 71, 1804-1810 (1993).

Carré, C. & Carré, D. Minictena luteola, genre et espèce nouveaux de cténophore Cydippida Méditerranéen a cinq types de colloblastes. Beaufortia 43, 168-175 (1993).

Harbison, G. R. & Madin, L. P. in Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms, Vol. 1 (eds. Parker, S. P. et al.) 707-715 (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1982).

Harbison, G. R., Matsumoto, G. I. & Robison, B. H. Lampocteis cruentiventer gen. nov., sp. nov.: A new mesopelagic lobate ctenophore, representing the type of a new family (class Tentaculata, order Lobata, family Lampoctenidae, fam. nov.). Bull. Mar. Sci. 68, 299-311 (2001).

Horita, T. An undescribed lobate ctenophore, Lobatolampea tetragona gen. nov. & spec. nov., representing a new family, from Japan. Zool. Med. Leiden 73, 457-464 (2000).

References for Nemertea

Chernyshev, A. V. On the higher taxa of the phylum Nemertea with the taxonomic review of the subclass Anopla. Zool. Zh. 74, 7-18 (1995).

Chernyshev, A. V. Classification system of the higher taxa of enoplan nemerteans (Nemertea, Enopla). Russ. J. Mar. Biol. 29, S57-S65 (2003).

Chernyshev, A. V. Two new genera of nemertean worms of the family Tetrastemmatidae (Nemertea: Monostilifera). Zoosyst. Ross. 12, 151-156 (2004).

Chernyshev, A. V. System of families of enoplan nemerteans of the order Eumonostilifera (Nemertea: Enopla). Russ. J. Mar. Biol. 31, S27-S33 (2005).

Crandall, F. B. & Gibson, R. A second genus of pelagic Cratenemertidae (Nemertea, Hoplonemertea). Hydrobiologia 365, 173-198 (1998).

Crandall, F. B. A new family of the Hoplonemertea: Cinclidonemertes mooreae fam., gen. et sp. nov. (Nemertea: Hoplonemertea). J. Nat. Hist. 44, 2411-2424 (2010).

Gibson, R. Nemertean genera and species of the world: An annotated checklist of original names and description citations, synonyms, current taxonomic status, habitats and recorded zoogeographic distribution. J. Nat. Hist. 29, 271-562 (1995).

Iwata, F. On four monostiliferous hoplonemerteans, including three new genera and species from Washington state and British Columbia. J. Nat. Hist. 40, 873-913 (2006).

Iwata, F. Cyanonemertes elegans, new genus, new species, a marine hoplonemertean from Washington state, U.S.A. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 120, 197-213 (2007).

Kajihara, H. A taxonomic catalogue of Japanese nemerteans (phylum Nemertea). Zool. Sci. 24, 287-326 (2007).

Kajihara, H., Chernyshev, A. V., Sun, S.-C., Sundberg, P. & Crandall, F. B. Checklist of nemertean genera and species published between 1995 and 2007. Spec. Div. 13, 245-274 (2008).

Sundberg, P., Gibson, R. & Strand, M. Swedish nemerteans (phylum Nemertea), with description of a new hoplonemertean genus and species. J. Nat. Hist. 41, 37-40 (2007).

Sundberg, P., Chernyshev, A. V., Kajihara, H., Kånneby, T. & Strand, M. Character-matrix based descriptions of two new nemertean (Nemertea) species. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 157, 264-294 (2009).

Thollesson, M. & Norenburg, J. L. Ribbon worm relationships: A phylogeny of the phylum Nemertea. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 270, 407-415 (2003).

References for Rotifera (excluding Acanthocephala)

De Smet, W. Paradicranophorus sinus sp. nov. (Dicranophoridae, Monogononta) a new rotifer from Belgium, with remarks on some other species of the genus Paradicranophorus Wiszniewski, 1929 and description of Donneria gen. nov. Belg. J. Zool. 133, 181-188 (2003).

De Smet, W. Pourriotia carcharodonta, a new genus and species of monogonont rotifer from subantarctic Îles Kerguelen (Terres Australes et Antarctiques Françaises). Ann. Limnol. Int. J. Lim. 39, 273-280 (2003).

De Smet, W. Asciaporrectidae, a new family of Rotifera (Monogononta: Ploima) with description of Asciaporrecta arcellicola gen. et sp. nov. and A. difflugicola gen. et sp. nov. inhabiting shells of testate amoebae. Zootaxa 1339, 31-49 (2006).

Meksuwan, P., Pholpunthin, P. & Segers, H. Diversity of sessile rotifers (Gnesiotrocha, Monogononta, Rotifera) in Thale Noi Lake, Thailand. Zootaxa 2997, 1-18 (2011).

Segers, H. The nomenclature of the Rotifera: Annotated checklist of valid family- and genus-group names. J. Nat. Hist. 36, 631-640 (2002).

Segers, H. Annotated checklist of the rotifers (Phylum Rotifera), with notes on nomenclature, taxonomy and distribution. Zootaxa 1564, 1-104 (2007).

Segers, H. & Shiel, R. J. Diversity of cryptic Metazoa in Australian freshwaters: A new genus and two new species of sessile rotifer (Rotifera, Monogononta, Gneisiotrocha, Flosculariidae). Zootaxa 1750, 19-31 (2008).

Sørensen, M. V., Segers, H. & Funch, P. On a new Seison Grube, 1861 from coastal waters of Kenya, with a reappraisal of the classification of the Seisonida (Rotifera). Zool. Stud. 44, 34-43 (2005).

References for Acanthocephala

Amin, O. M. in Biology of the Acanthocephala (eds. Crompton, D. W. T. & Nickol, B. B.) 27-72 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1985).

Amin, O. M. Key to the families and subfamilies of Acanthocephala, with the erection of a new class (Polyacanthocephala) and a new order (Polyacanthorhynchida). J. Parasitol. 73, 1216-1219 (1987).

Amin, O. M., Bauer, O. N. & Sidorov, E. G. The description of Paralongicollum nemacheili n. gen., n. sp. (Acanthocephala: Pomphorhynchidae) from freshwater fishes in Kazakh S.S.R. J. Parasitol. 77, 26-31 (1991).

Amin, O. M. Review of the genus Polymorphus Luhe, 1911 (Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae), with the synonymization of Hexaglandula Petrochenko, 1950, and Subcorynosoma Hoklova, 1967, and a key to the species. Qatar Univ. Sci. J. 12, 115-123 (1992).

Amin, O. M. & Sey, O. Acanthocephala from Arabian Gulf fishes off Kuwait, with descriptions of Neoechinorhynchus dimorphospinus sp. n. (Neoechinorhynchidae), Tegorhynchus holospinosus sp. n. (Illiosentidae), Micracanthorhynchina kuwaitensis sp. n. (Rhadinorhynchidae), and Slendrorhynchus breviclaviproboscis gen. n., sp. n. (Diplosentidae); and key to species of the genus Micracanthorhynchina. J. Helminthol. Soc. Wash. 63, 201-210 (1996).

Amin, O. M. & Canaris, A. Description of Neolacunisoma geraldschmidti gen. n., sp. n., (Acanthocephala: Centrorhynchidae) from South African shorebirds. J. Helminthol. Soc. Wash. 64, 275-280 (1997).

Amin, O. M. & Van Ha, N. On a new acanthocephalan family and a new order, from birds in Vietnam. J. Parasitol. 94, 1305-1310 (2008).

Amin, O. M., Van Ha, N. & Heckmann, R. A. New and already known acanthocephalans mostly from mammals in Vietnam, with descriptions of two new genera and species in Archiacanthocephala. J. Parasitol. 94, 194-201 (2008).

Aznar, F. J., Pérez-Ponce de León, G. & Raga, J. A. Status of Corynosoma (Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae) based on anatomical, ecological, and phylogenetic evidence, with the erection of Pseudocorynosoma n. gen. J. Parasitol. 92, 548-564 (2006).

Bursey, C. R., Vrcibradic, D., Hatano, F. H. & Rocha, C. F. D. New genus, new species of Acanthocephala (Echinorhynchidae) from the Brazilian frog Hylodes phyllodes (Anura: Leptodactylidae). J. Parasitol. 92, 353-356 (2006).

Bursey, C. R., Goldberg, S. R. & Kraus, F. New family, new genus, new species of Acanthocephala (Echinorhynchida) from the lizard, Sphenomorphus granulatus (Sauria: Scincidae), from Papua New Guinea. Open Parasitol. J. 1, 7-10 (2007).

Dimitrova, Z. M. & Georgiev, B. B. Ardeirhynchus n. g. (Palaeacanthocephala: Polymorphida: Polymorphidae), with a redescription of A. spiralis (Rudolphi, 1809) n. comb. Syst. Parasitol. 29, 149-158 (1994).

García-Varela, M. & Pérez-Ponce de León, G. Validating the systematic position of Profilicollis Meyer, 1931 and Hexaglandula Petrochenko, 1950 (Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae) using cytochrome c oxidase (cox1). J. Parasitol. 94, 212-217 (2008).

García-Varela, M., Pérez-Ponce de León, G., Aznar, F. J. & Nadler, S. A. Erection of Ibirhynchus gen. nov. (Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae), based on molecular and morphological data. J. Parasitol. 97, 97-105 (2011).

Monks, S. & Pérez-Ponce de León, G. Koronacantha mexicana n. gen., n. sp. (Acanthocephala: Illiosentidae) from marine fishes in Chamela Bay, Jalisco, Mexico. J. Parasitol. 82, 788-792 (1996).

Monks, S. & Pulido-Flores, G. Reevaluation and emended diagnosis of Illiosentis and I. heteracanthus (Acanthocephala: Illiosentidae). J. Parasitol. 88, 365-369 (2002).

Muñoz, G. & George-Nascimento, M. Spiracanthus bovichthys n. gen. n. sp. (Acanthocephala: Arhythmacanthidae), a parasite of littoral fishes of the central south coast of Chile. J. Parasitol. 88, 141-145 (2002).

Nickol, B. B., Crompton, D. W. T. & Searle, D. W. Reintroduction of Profilicollis Meyer, 1931, as a genus in Acanthocephala: Significance of the intermediate host. J. Parasitol. 85, 716-718 (1999).

Noronha, D. On Machadosentis travassosi n. g., n. sp. (Eoacanthocephala: Quadrigyridae) parasite of a moray Gymnothorax ocellatus in Brazil. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 87(Suppl.), 151-153 (1992).

Pichelin, S. & Cribb, T. H. The status of the Diplosentidae (Acanthocephala: Palaeacanthocephala) and a new family of acanthocephalans from Australian wrasses (Pisces: Labridae). Folia Parasitol. 48, 289-303 (2001).

Salgado-Maldonado, G. & Santos, C. P. Amapacanthus amazonicus n. g., n. sp. (Acanthocephala: Diplosentidae: Allorhadinorhynchinae) from Arius passany and Anableps microleps (Pisces) at Maraca Island off northern Brazil. Syst. Parasitol. 46, 111-116 (2000).

Schmidt, G. D. & Edmonds, S. J. Australiformis semoni (Linstow, 1898) n. gen., n. comb. (Acanthocephala: Moniliformidae) from marsupials of Australia and New Guinea. J. Parasitol. 75, 215-217 (1989).

Smales, L. R. Multisentis myrmecobius, gen. et sp. nov. (Acanthocephala: Oligacanthorhynchidae), from the numbat, Myrmecobius fasciatus, and a key to genera of the Oligacanthorhynchidae. Invertebr. Taxon. 11, 301-307 (1997).

Smales, L. R. Edmondsacanthus blairi n. gen., n. sp. (Acanthocephala: Rhadinorhynchidae) parasitic in the intestine of the eastern rainbow fish Melanotaenia splendida (Peters, 1866). Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust. 133, 284-287 (2009).

Spencer Jones, M. E. Heptamegacanthus niekerki n. g., n. sp. (Acanthocephala: Oligacanthorhynchidae) from the south-east African insectivore Chrysospalax trevelyani (Günther, 1875). Syst. Parasitol. 15, 133-140 (1990).

Thatcher, V. E. Brasacanthus sphoeroides gen. n., sp. n. (Acanthocephala, Echinorhynchidae) from a coastal marine fish of Paraná State, Brazil. Rev. Bras. Zool. 18, 1319-1323 (2001).

Wang, P. & Zhang, J. On five new species of Acanthocephala from vertebrate hosts in China. J. Fujian Norm. Univ. 3, 62-69 (1987).

References for residual Lophotrochozoa

Balsamo, M., d'Hondt, J.-L., Pierboni, L. & Grilli, P. Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on freshwater Gastrotricha. Zootaxa 2158, 1-19 (2009).

Czaker, R. Kantharella antarctica, a new and unusual dicyemid mesozoan from the Antarctic. Zool. Anz. 232, 151-158 (1994).

Emschermann, P. Loxokalypus socialis gen. et sp. nov. (Kamptozoa, Loxokalypodidae fam. nov.), ein neuer Kamptozoentyp aus dem nördlichen Pazifischen Ozean. Ein Verschlag zur Neufassung der Kamptozoensystematik. Mar. Biol. 12, 237-254 (1972).

Funch, P. & Kristensen, R. M. Cycliophora is a new phylum with affinities to Entoprocta and Ectoprocta. Nature 378, 711-714 (1995).

Furuya, H., Hochberg, F. G. & Tsuneki, K. Cell number and cellular composition in vermiform larvae of dicyemid mesozoans. J. Zool. 272, 284-298 (2007).

Hummon, W. D. & Todaro, M. A. Analytic taxonomy and notes on marine, brackish-water and estuarine Gastrotricha. Zootaxa 2392, 1-32 (2010).

Kozloff, E. N. The genera of the phylum Orthonectida. Cah. Biol. Mar. 33, 377-406 (1992).

Kristensen, R. M. & Funch, P. Micrognathozoa: A new class with complicated jaws like those of Rotifera and Gnathostomulida. J. Morphol. 246, 1-49 (2000).

Nielsen, C. in Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms, Vol. 2 (eds. Parker, S. P. et al.) 771-772 (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1982).

Nielsen, C. A review of the taxa of solitary entoprocts (Loxosomatidae). Zootaxa 2395, 45-56 (2010).

Sørensen, M. V. Phylogeny and jaw evolution in Gnathostomulida, with a cladistic analysis of the genera. Zool. Scr. 31, 461-480 (2002).

Sterrer, W. & Sørensen, M. V. Chirognathia dracula gen. et spec. nov. (Gnathostomulida) from the west coast of North America. Mar. Biol. Res. 2, 296-302 (2006).

Stunkard, H. W. in Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms (eds. Parker, S. P. et al.) 853-855 (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1982).

References for residual Ecdysozoa

Adrianov, A. V. & Malakhov, V. V. The phylogeny, classification and zoogeography of the class Priapulida, I. Phylogeny and classification. Zoosyst. Rossica 4, 219-238 (1996).

Adrianov, A. V. & Malakhov, V. V. Cephalorhyncha of the World Ocean (KMK Scientific Press, Moscow, 1999).

Brusca, R. C. & Brusca, G. J. Invertebrates, 2nd ed. (Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, 2003).

Gad, G. Culexiregiloricus, a new genus of Nanaloricidae (Loricifera) from the deep sea of the Guinea Basin (Southeast Atlantic). Zootaxa 2096, 33-49 (2009).

Heiner, I. & Kristensen, R. M. Urnaloricus gadi nov. gen. et nov. sp. (Loricifera, Urnaloricidae nov. fam.), an aberrant Loricifera with a viviparous pedogenetic life cycle. J. Morphol. 270, 129-153 (2009).

Heiner, U., Boesgaard, T. M. & Kristensen, R. M. First time discovery of Loricifera from Australian waters and marine caves. Mar. Biol. Res. 5, 529-546 (2009).

Higgins, R. P. Zelinkaderidae, a new family of cyclorhagid Kinorhyncha. Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. 500, 1-26 (1990).

Higgins, R. P. & Shirayama, Y. Dracoderidae, a new family of the cyclorhagid Kinorhyncha from the Island Sea of Japan. Zool. Sci. 7, 939-946 (1990).

Kinchin, I. M. The Biology of Tardigrades (Portland Press, London, 1994).

Nebelsick, M. Antygomonas incomitata gen. et sp. n. (Cyclorhagida, Kinorhyncha) and its phylogenetic relationships. Zool. Scr. 19, 143-152 (1990).

Neuhaus, B. & Blasche, T. Fissuroderes, a new genus of Kinorhyncha (Cyclorhagida) from the deep sea and continental shelf of New Zealand and from the continental shelf of Costa Rica. Zool. Anz. 245, 19-52 (2006).

Özdikmen, H. Bertolanius nom. nov., a replacement name for the genus Amphibolus Bertolani, 1981 (Tardigrada: Parachela) with type species designation. Mun. Ent. Zool. 3, 330-332 (2008).

Peck, S. B. A review of the New World Onychophora with the description of a new cavernicolous genus and species from Jamaica. Psyche 82, 341-358 (1975).

Poinar Jr., G. Global diversity of hairworms (Nematomorpha: Gordiaceae) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia 595, 79-83 (2008).

Reid, A. L. Review of the Peripatopsidae (Onychophora) in Australia, with comments on peripatopsid relationships. Invertebr. Taxon. 10, 663-936 (1996).

Reid, A. L. Descriptions of Lathropatus nemorum, gen. et sp. nov., and six new Ooperipatus Dendy (Onychophora: Peripatopsidae) from south-eastern Australia. Proc. R. Soc. Vict. 112, 153-184 (2000).

Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. Are the genera of Nematomorpha monophyletic taxa? Zool. Scr. 31, 185-200 (2002).

Sørensen, M. V., Heiner, I., Ziemer, O. & Neuhaus, B. Tubulideres seminoli gen. et sp. nov. and Zelinkaderes brightae sp. nov. (Kinorhyncha, Cyclorhagida) from Florida. Helgol. Mar. Res. 61, 247-265 (2007).

Sørensen, M. V. A new kinorhynch genus from the Antarctic deep sea and a new species of Cephalorhyncha from Hawaii (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida: Echinoderidae). Org. Divers. Evol. 8, 230-232 (2008).

Sørensen, M. V. & Rho, H. S. Triodontoderes anulap gen. et sp. nov. - A new cyclorhagid kinorhynch genus and species from Micronesia. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 89, 1269-1279 (2009).

Tait, N. N. & Norman, J. M. Novel mating behaviour in Florelliceps stutchburyae gen. nov., sp. nov. (Onychophora: Peripatopsidae) from Australia. J. Zool., Lond. 253, 301-308 (2001).

Trygvadóttir, B. V. & Kristensen, R. M. Eohypsibiidae (Eutardigrada, Tardigrada) from the Faroe Islands with the description of a new genus containing three new species. Zootaxa 2886, 39-62 (2011).

References for chaetognaths

Bieri, R. Six new genera in the chaetognath family Sagittidae. Gulf Res. Rep. 8, 221-225 (1991).

Bieri, R. in The Biology of Chaetognaths (eds. Bone, Q., Kapp, H. & Pierrot-Bults, A. C.) 122-136 (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1991).

Casanova, J.-P. Description de l'appareil génital primitif du genre Heterokrohnia et nouvelle classification des chaetognathes. C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris, Ser. 3 301, 397-402 (1985).

Casanova, J.-P. A new genus and species of deep-sea chaetognath from the Bay of Biscay with a strange ventral secretory gland. J. Nat. Hist. 27, 445-455 (1993).

Casanova, J.-P. A new genus and species of deep-benthic chaetognath from the Atlantic: A probable link between the families Heterokrohniidae and Spadellidae. J. Nat. Hist. 30, 1239-1245 (1996).

Casanova, J.-P. Calispadella alata n. gen., n. sp., the first chaetognath recorded from a hydrothermal vent site (Mid-Atlantic Ridge). J. Plankton Res. 27, 221-225 (2005).

Kasatkina, A. P. New neritic species of chaetognaths from Poseta Bay, Sea of Japan. Issled. Fauny Morei 8, 265-294 (1971).

Kasatkina, A. P. New genus Leptosagitta and its position in the system of Chaetognatha. Zool. Zhurn. 52, 1202-1207 (1973).

Kasatkina, A. P. New genera and species of arrowworms of the order Phragmophora (Chaetognatha). Russ. J. Mar. Biol. 29, 1-11 (2003).

Kasatkina, A. P. Finding of new species of finless sagittids (Sagittidae: Chaetognatha) in the northwestern Sea of Japan. Russ. J. Mar. Biol. 32, 353-359 (2006).

Kasatkina, A. P. & Stolyarova, M. V. Two new genera (Paraeukrohnia and Praeukrohnia) and four new species of arrowworms (Chaetognatha) from the southwestern Bering Sea. Russ. J. Mar. Biol. 32, 150-156 (2006).

Kasatkina, A. P. The new genus and species Vitreosagitta (Chaetognatha, Sagittidae) from the northwestern Sea of Japan. Zool. Zhurn. 89, 466-469 (2010) in Russian.

Kassatkina, A. P. Taxonomic composition and keys for identification of Ferosagitta Kassatkina, 1971 (Chaetognatha), with descriptions of two new species from the northwestern Sea of Japan. Russ. J. Mar. Biol. 36, 93-97 (2010).

Srinivasan, M. Pterokrohnia arabica, a new genus and new species of Chaetognatha from the Arabian Sea. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. India 28, 199-201 (1986).

References for Xenacoelomorpha

Bourlat, S. J. et al. Deuterostome phylogeny reveals monophyletic chordates and the new phylum Xenoturbellida. Nature 444, 85-88 (2006).

Crezée, M. Monograph of the Solenofilomorphidae (Turbellaria: Acoela). Int. Rev. ges. Hydrobiol. 60, 769-845 (1975).

Crezée, M. & Tyler, S. Hesiolicium gen. n. (Turbellaria, Acoela) and observations on its ultrastructure. Zool. Scr. 5, 207-216 (1976).

Dörjes, J. Die Acoela (Turbellaria) der Deutschen Nordseeküste und ein neues System der Ordnung. Z. Zool. Syst. Evolutionsforsch. 6, 56-452 (1968).

Ehlers, U. & Dörjes, J. Interstitielle Fauna von Galapagos. XXIII. Acoela (Turbellaria). Mikrof. Meeresb. 72, 1-75 (1979).

Faubel, A. & Kolasa, J. On the anatomy and morphology of a fresh water species of Acoela (Turbellaria): Limnoposthia polonica (Kolasa and Faubel, 1974). Bull. Acad. Polonaise Sci. Ser. II 26, 393-397 (1978).

Faubel, A. & Noreña, C. in European Register of Marine Species: A Check-List of the Marine Species in Europe and a Bibliography of Guides to Their Identification (eds. Costello, M. J., Emblow, C. S. & White, R.) 123-136 (Mus&eaute;um National d'Hitoire Naturelle, Paris, 2001).

Hooge, M. D. Evolution of body-wall musculature in the Platyhelminthes (Acoela, Catenulida, Rhabditophora). J. Morphol. 249, 171-194 (2001).

Hooge, M. D. & Tyler, S. Interstitial acoels (Platyhelminthes, Acoela) from Bermuda. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 114, 412-424 (2001).

Hooge, M. D. Two new families, three new genera, and four new species of acoel flatworms (Acoela, Platyhelminthes) from Queensland, Australia. Cah. Biol. Mar. 44, 275-298 (2003).

Hooge, M. D. & Tyler, S. Two new acoels (Acoela, Platyhelminthes) from the central coast of California. Zootaxa 131, 1-14 (2003).

Hooge, M. D. & Tyler, S. New tools for resolving phylogenies: A systematic revision of the Convolutidae (Acoelomorpha, Acoela). J. Zoolog. Syst. Evol. Res. 43, 100-113 (2005).

Kennet, L. Phylogeny of the Nemertodermatida (Acoelomorpha, Platyhelminthes). A cladistic analysis. Zool. Scr. 29, 65-74 (2000).

Kostenko, A. G. & Mamkaev, Y. V. The position of ‘green convoluts’ in the system of acoel turbellarians (Turbellaria, Acoela). 1. Simsagittifera gen. n. 2. Sagittiferidae fam. n. Zool. Zh. 69(6), 11-21; 69(7), 5-16 (1990).

Kozloff, E. N. A new genus and five new species of acoel flatworms from the Pacific coast of North America, and resolution of some systematic problems in the families Convolutidae and Otocelididae. Cah. Biol. Mar. 41, 281-293 (2000).

Nilsson, K. S., Wallberg, A. & Jondelius, U. New species of Acoela from the Mediterranean, the Red Sea, and the South Pacific. Zootaxa 2867, 1-31 (2011).

Sterrer, W. New and known Nemertodermatida (Platyhelminthes-Acoelomorpha) - A revision. Belg. J. Zool. 128, 55-92 (1998).

Tekle, Y. I., Raikova, O. I., Ahmadzadeh, A. & Jondelius, U. Revision of the Childiidae (Acoela), a total evidence approach in reconstructing the phylogeny of acoels with reversed muscle layers. J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res. 43, 72-90 (2005).

References for Hemichordata

Benito, J. in Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms, Vol. 2 (eds. Parker, S. P. et al.) 819-821 (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1982).

Deland, C., Cameron, C. B., Rao, K. P., Ritter, W. E. & Bullock, T. H. A taxonomic revision of the family Harrimaniidae (Hemichordata: Enteroopneusta) with descriptions of seven species from the Eastern Pacific. Zootaxa 2408, 1-30 (2010).

Halanych, K. M. Convergence in the feeding apparatuses of lophophorates and pterobranch hemichordates revealed by 18S rDNA: An interpretation. Biol. Bull. 190, 1-5 (1996).

Holland, N. D. et al. ‘Lophenteropneust’ hypothesis refuted by collection and photos of new deep-sea hemichordates. Nature 434, 374-376 (2005).

Holland, N. D., Jones, W. J., Ellena, J., Ruhl, H. A. & Smith, Jr., K. L. A new deep-sea species of spibenthic acorn worm (Hemichordata, Enteropneusta). Zoosystema 31, 333-346 (2009).

Holland, N. D., Kuhnz, L. A. & Osborn, K. J. Morphology of a new deep-sea acorn worm (class Enteropneusta, phylum Hemichordata): A part-time demersal drifter with externalized ovaries. J. Morphol. 273, 661-671 (2012).

Osborn, K. J. et al. Diversification of acorn worms (Hemichordata, Enteropneusta) revealed in the deep sea. Proc. R. Soc. B 279, 1646-1654 (2012).

Priede, I. G. et al. Observations on torquaratorid acorn worms (Hemichordata, Enteropneusta) from the North Atlantic with descriptions of a new genus and three new species. Invertebr. Biol. 131, 244-257 (2012).

Worsaae, K., Sterrer, W., Kaul-Strehlow, S., Hay-Schmidt, A. & Giribet, G. An anatomical description of a miniaturized acorn worm (Hemichordata, Enteropneusta) with asexual reproduction by paratomy. PLoS ONE 7, e48529 (2012).

References for tunicates

Fenaux, R. in The Biology of Pelagic Tunicates (ed. Bone, Q.) 295-306 (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1998).

Godeaux, J. in The Biology of Pelagic Tunicates (ed. Bone, Q.) 273-294 (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1998).

Godeaux, J. E. A. & Harbison, G. R. On some pelagic doliolid tunicates (Thaliacea, Doliolida) collected by a submersible off the eastern Northamerican coast. Bull. Mar. Sci. 72, 589-612 (2003).

Kott, P. The family Hexacrobylidae Seeliger, 1906 (Ascidiacea, Tunicata). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 27, 517-534 (1989).

Kott, P. in Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 34. Hemichordata, Tunicata, Cephalochoradata (eds. Wells, A. & Houston, W. W. K.) 51-252 (CSIRO, Melbourne, 1998).

Kott, P. Ciallusiidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata), a monotypic family from deeper waters of the tropical Indo-West Pacific. Zootaxa 1742, 47-52 (2008).

Monniot, C. & Monniot, F. Clé mondiale des genres d'ascidies. Arch. Zool. Exp. Gen. 113, 311-367 (1972).

Monniot, C. & Monniot, F. Revision of the class Sorberacea (benthic tunicates) with descriptions of seven new species. Zoll. J. Linn. Soc. 99, 239-290 (1990).

Monniot, C. in European Register of Marine Species: A Check-List of the Marine Species in Europe and a Bibliography of Guides to Their Identification (eds. Costello, M. J., Emblow, C. S. & White, R.) 352-355 (Mus&eaute;um National d'Hitoire Naturelle, Paris, 2001).

Neumann, G. Das Tierreich. Eine Zusammenstellung und Kennzeichnung der rezenten Tierformen. Vol. 40. Salpae II: Cyclomyaria et Pyrosomida (R. Friedländer und Sohn, Berlin, 1913).

van der Land, J. in European Register of Marine Species: A Check-List of the Marine Species in Europe and a Bibliography of Guides to Their Identification (eds. Costello, M. J., Emblow, C. S. & White, R.) 355-356 (Mus&eaute;um National d'Hitoire Naturelle, Paris, 2001).

References for fishes

Nelson, J. S. Fishes of the Worlds, 4th Eds. (John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, 2006).

References for amphibians

Basso, N. G., Úbeda, C. A., Bunge, M. M. & Martinazzo, L. B. A new genus of neobatrachian frog from southern Patagonian forests, Argentina and Chile. Zootaxa 3002, 31-44 (2011).

Samarasinghe, D. J. S. Description of the complex advertisement cell of Pseudophilautus popularis (Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005) (Amphibia: Rhacophoridae). Zootaxa 3002, 62-64 (2011).

Vitt, L. J. & Caldwell, J. P. Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles, 3rd Edn. (Academic Press, Burlington, 2009).

References for reptiles

Guo, Y., Wu, Y., He, S., Shi, H. & Zhao, E. Systematics and molecular phylogenetics of Asian snail-eating snakes (Pareatidae). Zootaxa 3001, 57-64 (2011).

Mattison, C. The New Encyclopedia of Snakes (Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2007).

Tilbury, C. R. & Tolley, K. A. A re-appraisal of the systematics of the African genus Chamaeleo (Reptilia: Chamaeleonidae). Zootaxa 2079, 57-68 (2009).

Vitt, L. J. & Caldwell, J. P. Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles, 3rd Edn. (Academic Press, Burlington, 2009).

References for birds

Clements, J. F. The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World, 6th Edn. (Cornell University, New York, 2007).

References for Mammalia

Bronner, G. N. & Jenkins, P. D. in Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (eds. Wilson, D. E. & Reeder, D. M.) 71-81 (Jones Hopkins Universitu Press, Baltimore, 2005).

Davenport, T. R. B. et al. A new genus of African monkey, Rungwecebus: Morphology, ecology, and molecular phylogenetics. Science 312, 1378-1381 (2006).

Dieterlen, F. in Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (eds. Wilson, D. E. & Reeder, D. M.) 1536-1537 (Jones Hopkins Universitu Press, Baltimore, 2005).

Gardner, A. L. in Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (eds. Wilson, D. E. & Reeder, D. M.) 3-18 (Jones Hopkins Universitu Press, Baltimore, 2005).

Gardner, A. L. in Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (eds. Wilson, D. E. & Reeder, D. M.) 94-99 (Jones Hopkins Universitu Press, Baltimore, 2005).

Groves, C. P. in Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (eds. Wilson, D. E. & Reeder, D. M.) 23-37 (Jones Hopkins Universitu Press, Baltimore, 2005).

Groves, C. P. in Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (eds. Wilson, D. E. & Reeder, D. M.) 43-70 (Jones Hopkins Universitu Press, Baltimore, 2005).

Groves, C. P. in Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (eds. Wilson, D. E. & Reeder, D. M.) 111-184 (Jones Hopkins Universitu Press, Baltimore, 2005).

Grubb, P. in Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (eds. Wilson, D. E. & Reeder, D. M.) 637-722 (Jones Hopkins Universitu Press, Baltimore, 2005).

Hoffmann, R. S. & Smith, A. T. in Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (eds. Wilson, D. E. & Reeder, D. M.) 185-211 (Jones Hopkins Universitu Press, Baltimore, 2005).

Holden, M. E. in Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (eds. Wilson, D. E. & Reeder, D. M.) 819-841 (Jones Hopkins Universitu Press, Baltimore, 2005).

Holden, M. E. & Musser, G. G. in Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (eds. Wilson, D. E. & Reeder, D. M.) 871-893 (Jones Hopkins Universitu Press, Baltimore, 2005).

Hutterer, R. in Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (eds. Wilson, D. E. & Reeder, D. M.) 212-219 (Jones Hopkins Universitu Press, Baltimore, 2005).

Hutterer, R. in Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (eds. Wilson, D. E. & Reeder, D. M.) 220-311 (Jones Hopkins Universitu Press, Baltimore, 2005).

McKenna, M. C. & Bell, S. K. Classification of Mammals: Above the Species Level (Columbia University Press, New York, 1997).

Mead, J. G. & Brownell, Jr., R. L. in Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (eds. Wilson, D. E. & Reeder, D. M.) 723-743 (Jones Hopkins Universitu Press, Baltimore, 2005).

Murphy, W. J. et al. Resolution of the early placental mammal radiation using Bayesian phylogenetics. Science 294, 2348-2351 (2001).

Musser, G. G. & Carleton, M. D. in Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (eds. Wilson, D. E. & Reeder, D. M.) 894-1531 (Jones Hopkins Universitu Press, Baltimore, 2005).

Patton, J. L. in Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (eds. Wilson, D. E. & Reeder, D. M.) 859-870 (Jones Hopkins Universitu Press, Baltimore, 2005).

Percequillo, A. R., Weksler, M. & Costa, L. P. A new genus and species of rodent from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest (Rodentia: Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae: Oryzomyini), with comments on oryzomyine biogeography. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 161, 357-390 (2011).

Schlitter, D. A. in Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (eds. Wilson, D. E. & Reeder, D. M.) 530-531 (Jones Hopkins Universitu Press, Baltimore, 2005).

Shoshani, J. in Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (eds. Wilson, D. E. & Reeder, D. M.) 92-93 (Jones Hopkins Universitu Press, Baltimore, 2005).

Simmons, N. B. in Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (eds. Wilson, D. E. & Reeder, D. M.) 312-529 (Jones Hopkins Universitu Press, Baltimore, 2005).

Stafford, B. J. in Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (eds. Wilson, D. E. & Reeder, D. M.) 110 (Jones Hopkins Universitu Press, Baltimore, 2005).

Stanhope, M. J. et al. Molecular evidence for multiple origins of Insectivora and for a new order of endemic African insectivore mammals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 9967-9972 (1998).

Thorington, Jr., R. W. & Hoffmann, R. S. in Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (eds. Wilson, D. E. & Reeder, D. M.) 754-818 (Jones Hopkins Universitu Press, Baltimore, 2005).

Woods, C. A. & Kilpatrick, C. W. in Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (eds. Wilson, D. E. & Reeder, D. M.) 1538-1600 (Jones Hopkins Universitu Press, Baltimore, 2005).

Wozencraft, W. C. in Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (eds. Wilson, D. E. & Reeder, D. M.) 532-628 (Jones Hopkins Universitu Press, Baltimore, 2005).

References for residual Animalia

Brusca, R. C. & Brusca, G. J. Invertebrates, 2nd Edn. (Sinauer, Sunderland, 2003).

Grell, K. G. in Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms (eds. Parker, S. P. et al.) 639 (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1982).

References for Microsporidia

Canning, E. U. & Vavra, J. in The Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa, 2nd ed. (eds. Lee, J. J., Leedale, G. F. & Bradbury, P.) 39-126 (Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence, 2000).

Canning, E. U., Refardt, D., Vossbrinck, C. R., Okamura, B. & Curry, A. New diplokaryotic microsporidia (Phylum Microsporidia) from freshwater bryozoans (Bryozoa, Phylactolaemata). Eur. J. Protistol. 38, 247-265 (2002).

Fokin, S. I., Di Giuseppe, G., Erra, F. & Dini, F. Euplotespora binucleata n. gen., n. sp. (Protozoa: Microsporidia), a parasite infecting the hypotrichous ciliate Euplotes woodruffi, with observations on microsporidian infections in Ciliophora. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 55, 214-228 (2008).

Franzen, C., Fischer, S., Schroeder, J., Schölmerich, J. & Schneuwly, S. Morphological and molecular investigations of Tubulinosema ratisbonensis gen. nov., sp. nov. (Microsporidia: Tubulinosematidae fam. nov.), a parasite infecting a laboratory colony of Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae). J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 52, 141-152 (2005).

Franzen, C., Nassonova, E. S., Schölmerich, J. & Issi, I. V. Transfer of the members of the genus Brachiola (Microsporidia) to the genus Anncaliia based on ultrastructural and molecular data. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 53, 26-35 (2006).

Fries, I. et al. Morphological and molecular characterization of Antonospora scoticae n. gen., n. sp. (Protozoa, Microsporidia) a parasite of the communal bee, Andrena scotica Perkins, 1916 (Hymenoptera, Andrenidae). Eur. J. Protistol. 35, 183-193 (1999).

Haag, K. L., Larsson, J. I. R., Refardt, D. & Ebert, D. Cytological and molecular description of Hamiltosporidium tvaerminnensis gen. et sp. nov., a microsporidian parasite of Daphnia magna, and establishment of Hamiltosporiium magnivora comb. nov. Parasitology 138, 447-462 (2011).

Matthews, J. L. et al. Pseudoloma neurophilia n. g., n. sp., a new microsporidium from the central nervous system of the zebrafish (Danio rerio). J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 48, 227-233 (2001).

Morris, D. J. & Adams, A. Schroedera plumatellae gen. n., sp. n. (Microsporidia) in Plumatella fungosa (Bryozoa: Phylactolaemata). Acta Protozool. 41, 383-396 (2002).

Nylund, S., Nylund, A., Watanabe, K., Arnesen, C. E. & Karlsbakk, E. Paranucleospora theridion n. gen., n. sp. (Microsporidia, Enterocytozoonidae) with a life cycle in the salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis, Copepoda) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 57, 95-114 (2010).

Pekkarinen, M. & Nilsen, J. L. F. Ovipleistophora gen. n., a new genus for Pleistophora mirandellae-like microsporidia. Dis. Aquat. Org. 48, 133-142 (2002).

Poddubnaya, L. G., Tokarev, Y. S. & Issi, I. V. A new microsporidium Paratuzetia kupermani gen. et sp. n. (Microsporidia), a hyperparasite of the procercoid of the cestode Khawia armeniaca Chol. 1915 (Cestoda, Caryophyllidea). Protistology 4, 269-277 (2006).

Refardt, D., Decaestecker, E., Johnson, P. T. J. & Vávra, J. Morphology, molecular phylogeny, and ecology of Binucleata daphniae n. g., n. sp. (Fungi: Microsporidia), a parasite of Daphnia magna Straus, 1820 (Crustacea: Branchiopoda). J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 55, 393-408 (2008).

Simakova, A. V., Pankova, T. F., Tokarev, Y. S. & Issi, I. V. Senoma gen. n., a new genus of microsporidia, with the type species Senoma globulifera comb. n. (syn. Issia globulifera Issi et Pankova 1983) from the malaria mosquito Anopheles messeae Fall. Protistology 4, 135-144 (2005).

Simakova, A. V., Tokarev, Y. S. & Issi, I. V. Pankovaia semitubulata gen. et sp. n. (Microsporidia: Tuzetiidae) from nymphs of mayflies Cloeon dipterum L. (Insecta: Ephemeroptera) in Western Siberia. Eur. J. Protistol. 45, 13-20 (2009).

Sokolova, Y. Y. et al. Establishment of the new genus Paranosema based on the ultrastructure and molecular phylogeny of the type species Paranosema grylli gen. nov., comb. nov. (Sokolova, Selezniov, Dolgikh, Issi 1994), from the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus Deg. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 84, 159-172 (2003).

Sokolova, Y. Y. & Fuxa, J. R. Biology and life-cycle of the microsporidium Kneallhazia solenopsae Knell Allan Hazard 1977 gen. n., comb. n., from the fire ant Solenopsis invicta. Parasitology 135, 903-929 (2008).

References for Cercozoa (excluding Chlorarachniophyceae)

Adl, S. M. et al. The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 52, 399-451 (2005).

Bass, D. & Cavalier-Smith, T. Phylum-specific environmental DNA analysis reveals remarkably high global biodiversity of Cercozoa (Protozoa). Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 2393-2404 (2004).

Bass, D. et al. Phylogeny of novel naked filose and reticulose Cercozoa: Granofilosea cl. n. and Proteomyxidea revised. Protist 160, 75-109 (2009).

Bass, D. et al. Phylogeny and classification of Cercomonadida (Protozoa, Cercozoa): Cercomonas, Eocercomonas, Paracercomonas, and Cavernomonas. Protist 160, 483-521 (2009).

Cavalier-Smith, T. The protozoan phylum Opalozoa. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 40, 609-615 (1993).

Cavalier-Smith, T. in The Flagellates: Unity, Diversity and Evolution (eds. Leadbeater, S. C. & Green, J. C.) 361-390 (Taylor & Francis, London, 2000).

Cavalier-Smith, T. & Chao, E. E.-Y. Phylogeny and classification of phylum Cercozoa (Protozoa). Protist 154, 341-358 (2003).

Cavalier-Smith, T., Lewis, R., Chao, E. E., Oates, B. & Bass, D. Helkesimastix marina n. sp. (Cercozoa: Sainouroidea superfam. n.) a gliding zooflagellate of novel ultrastructure and unusual ciliary behaviour. Protist 160, 452-479 (2009).

Ekelund, F., Daugbjerg, N. & Fredslund, L. Phylogeny of Heteromita, Cercomonas and Thaumatomonas based on SSU rDNA sequences, including the description of Neocercomonas jutlandica sp. nov., gen. nov. Eur. J. Protistol. 40, 119-135 (2004).

Howe, A. T., Bass, D., Vickerman, K., Chao, E. E. & Cavalier-Smith, T. Phylogeny, taxonomy, and astounding genetic diversity of Glissomonadida ord. nov., the dominant gliding zooflagellates in soil (Protozoa: Cercozoa). Protist 160, 159-189 (2009).

Howe, A. T. et al. Novel cultured protists identify deep-branching environmental DNA clades of Cercozoa: New genera Tremula, Micrometopion, Minimassisteria, Nudifila, Peregrinia. Protist 162, 332-372 (2011).

Howe, A. T., Bass, D., Chao, E. E. & Cavalier-Smith, T. New genera, species, and improved phylogeny of Glissomonadida (Cercozoa). Protist 162, 710-722 (2011).

Karpov, S. A., Ekelund, F. & Moestrup, Ø. Katabia gromovi nov. gen., nov. sp. - A new soil flagellate with affinities to Heteromita (Cercomonadida). Protistology 3, 30-41 (2003).

Karpov, S. A., Bass, D., Mylnikov, A. P. & Cavalier-Smith, T. Molecular phylogeny of Cercomonadidae and kinetid patterns of Cercomonas and Eocercomonas gen. nov. (Cercomonadida, Cercozoa). Protist 157, 125-158 (2006).

Kiss, Á. K., Török, J. K., Ács, É & Kiss, T. Pseudodifflugia klarae nov. spec., Bereczkya minuta nov. gen. nov. spec. and Paramphitrema muelleri nov. spec.: Three new filose testate amoebae from the plankton of the River Danube. Acta Protozool. 48, 97-110 (2009).

Meisterfeld, R. in The Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa, 2nd ed. (eds. Lee, J. J., Leedale, G. F. & Bradbury, P.) 1054-1084 (Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence, 2000).

Mikrjukov, K. A., Siemensma, F. J. & Patterson, D. J. in The Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa, 2nd ed. (eds. Lee, J. J., Leedale, G. F. & Bradbury, P.) 860-871 (Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence, 2000).

Özdikmen, H. Substitute names for some unicellular animal taxa (Protozoa). Mun. Ent. Zool. 4, 233-256 (2009).

Patterson, D. J., Vørs, N., Simpson, A. G. B. & O'Kelly, C. in The Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa, 2nd ed. (eds. Lee, J. J., Leedale, G. F. & Bradbury, P.) 1302-1328 (Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence, 2000).

Santibáñeza, P. A. et al. First record of testate amoebae on glaciers and description of a new species Puytoracia jenswendti nov. sp. (Rhizaria, Euglyphida). Acta Protozool. 50, 1-14 (2011).

Takahashi, K. & Anderson, O. R. in The Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa, 2nd ed. (eds. Lee, J. J., Leedale, G. F. & Bradbury, P.) 981-994 (Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence, 2000).

Vickerman, K., Appleton, P. L., Clarke, K. J. & Moreira, D. Aurigamonas solis n. gen., n. sp., a soil-dwelling predator with unusual helioflagellate organisation and belonging to a novel clade within the Cercozoa. Protist 156, 335-354 (2005).

Yabuki, A. & Ishida, K. Mataza hastifera n. g., n. sp.: A possible new lineage in the Thecofilosea (Cercozoa). J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 58, 94-102 (2011).

Yabuki, A., Chao, E. E., Ishida, K.-I. & Cavalier-Smith, T. Microheliella maris (Microhelida ord. n.), an ultrastructurally highly distinctive new axopodial protist species and genus, and the unity of phylum Heliozoa. Protist 163, 356-388 (2012).

References for Chlorarachniophyceae

Ishida, K., Yabuki, A. & Ota, S. in Unravelling the Algae: The Past, Present, and Future of Algal Systematics (eds. Brodie, J. & Lewis, J.) 171-182 (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2007).

Ishida, K., Yabuki, A. & Ota, S. Amorphochlora amoebiformis gen. et comb. nov. (Chlorarachniophyceae). Phycol. Res. 59, 52-53 (2011).

Ota, S., Ueda, K. & Ishida, K. Norrisiella sphaerica gen. et sp. nov., a new coccoid chlorarachniophyte from Baja California, Mexico. J. Plant Res. 120, 661-670 (2007).

Ota, S., Vaulot, D., Le Gall, F., Yabuki, A. & Ishida, K. Partenskyella glossopodia gen. et sp. nov., the first report of a chlorarachniophyte that lacks a pyrenoid. Protist 160, 137-150 (2009).

References for Foraminifera

Bovee, E. C. in An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa (eds. Lee, J. J., Hutner, S. H. & Bovee, E. C.) 246-248 (Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence, 1985).

Cedhagen, T., Gooday, A. J. & Pawlowski, J. A new genus and two new species of saccamminid foraminiferans (Protista, Rhizaria) from the deep Southern Ocean. Zootaxa 2096, 9-22 (2009).

Da Silva, A. A., Gooday, A. J., Pearse, R. B. & Cunha, M. R. A new ‘saccamminid’ genus (Rhizaria: Foraminifera), from 4400 m water depth in the Nazaré Canyon (NE Atlantic). Zootaxa 2912, 49-58 (2011).

Gooday, A. J. & Tendal, O. S. in The Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa, 2nd ed. (eds. Lee, J. J., Leedale, G. F. & Bradbury, P.) 1086-1097 (Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence, 2000).

Huang, T. Alloglobigerinoides, a new planktic foraminiferal genus. Petrol. Geol. Taiwan 22, 93-102 (1986).

Kaminski, M. A. in Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Agglutinated Foraminifera. Grzybowski Foundation Special Publication, 7 (eds. Hart, M. B., Kaminski, M. A. & Smart, C. W.) 185-221 (2000).

Kaminski, M. A. in Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Agglutinated Foraminifera. Grzybowski Foundation Special Publication, 8 (eds. Bubík, M. & Kaminski, M. A.) 257-272 (2004).

Kaminski, M. A. in Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Agglutinated Foraminifera. Grzybowski Foundation Special Publication, 13 (eds. Kaminski, M. A. & Coccioni, R.) 47-55 (2008).

Lee, J. J. et al. in The Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa, 2nd ed. (eds. Lee, J. J., Leedale, G. F. & Bradbury, P.) 872-951 (Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence, 2000).

Loeblich, Jr., A. R. & Tappan, H. Foraminiferal Genera and their Classification (Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1988).

Loeblich, Jr., A. R. & Tappan, H. in Studies in Benthic Foraminifera (eds. Takayanagi, Y. & Saito, T.) 93-102 (Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 1992).

Özdikmen, H. Substitute names for some unicellular animal taxa (Protozoa). Mun. Ent. Zool. 4, 233-256 (2009).

Patterson, R. T. Globofissurella and Cerebrina, two new foraminiferal genera in the family Lagenidae. J. Micropalaeontol. 5, 65-69 (1986).

Sen Gupta, B. K. in Modern Foraminifera (ed. Sen Gupta, B. K.) 7-36 (Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, 1999).

References for Radiozoa

Anderson, O. R., Nigrini, C., Boltovskoy, D., Takahashi, K. & Swanberg, N. R. in The Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa, 2nd ed. (eds. Lee, J. J., Leedale, G. F. & Bradbury, P.) 994-1022 (Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence, 2000).

Febvre, C., Febvre, J. & Michaels, A. in The Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa, 2nd ed. (eds. Lee, J. J., Leedale, G. F. & Bradbury, P.) 783-803 (Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence, 2000).

Nikolaev, S. I. et al. The twilight of Heliozoa and rise of Rhizaria, an emerging supergroup of amoeboid eukaryotes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 8066-8071 (2004).

References for residual Rhizaria

Bass, D. et al. Phylogeny of novel naked filose and reticulose Cercozoa: Granofilosea cl. n. and Proteomyxidea revised. Protist 160, 75-109 (2009).

Cavalier-Smith, T. The protozoan phylum Opalozoa. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 40, 609-615 (1993).

Kirk, P. M., Cannon, P. F., Minter, D. W. & Stalpers, J. A. eds. Dictionary of Fungi, 10th Edn. (CABI International, Wallingford, 2008).

Neuhauser, S. & Kirchmair, M. Sorosphaerula nom. n. for the plasmodiophorid genus Sorosphaera J. Schröter 1886 (Rhizaria: Endomyxa: Phytomyxea: Plasmodiophorida). J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 58, 469-470 (2011).

References for Excavata (excluding Euglenophyceae)

Adl, S. M. et al. The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 52, 399-451 (2005).

Anderson, O. R., Wang, W., Faucher, S. P., Bi, K. & Shuman, H. A. A new heterolobosean amoeba Solumitrus palustris n. g., n. sp. isolated from freshwater marsh soil. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 58, 60-67 (2011).

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Brown, S. & De Jonckheere, J. F. A reevaluation of the amoeba genus Vahlkampfia based on SSUrDNA sequences. Eur. J. Protistol. 35, 49-54 (1999).

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Gile, G. H. & Slamovits, C. H. Phylogenetic position of Lophomonas striata Bütschli (Parabasalia) from the hindgut of the cockroach Periplaneta americana. Protist 163, 274-283 (2012).

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O'Kelly, C. J., Silberman, J. D., Amaral Zettler, L. A., Nerad, T. A. & Sogin, M. L. Monopylocystis visvesvarai n. gen., n. sp. and Sawyeria marylandensis n. gen., n. sp.: Two new amitochondrial heterolobosean amoebae from anoxic environments. Protist 154, 281-290 (2003).

Özdikmen, H. Substitute names for some unicellular animal taxa (Protozoa). Mun. Ent. Zool. 4, 233-256 (2009).

Park, J. S., Simpson, A. G. S., Lee, W. J. & Cho, B. C. Ultrastructure and phylogenetic placement within Heterolobosea of the previously unclassified, extremely halophilic heterotrophic flagellate Pleurostomum flabellatum (Ruinen 1938). Protist 158, 397-413 (2007).

Park, J. S., Kolisko, M., Heiss, A. A. & Simpson, A. G. B. Light microscopic observations, ultrastructure, and molecular phylogeny of Hicanonectes teleskopos n. g., n. sp., a deep-branching relative of diplomonads. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 56, 373-384 (2009).

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Park, J. S., Kolisko, M. & Simpson, A. G. B. Cell morphology and formal description of Ergobibamus cyprinoides n. g., n. sp., another Carpediemonas-like relative of diplomonads. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 57, 520-528 (2010).

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Poynton, S. L., Whitaker, B. R. & Heinrich, A. B. A novel trypanoplasm-like flagellate Jarrellia atramenti n. g., n. sp. (Kinetoplastida: Bodonidae) and ciliates from the blowhole of a stranded pygmy sperm whale Kogia breviceps (Physeteridae): Morphology, life cycle and potential pathogenicity. Dig. Aquat. Org. 44, 191-201 (2001).

Stoeck, T. et al. Cellular identity of an 18S rRNA gene sequence clade within the class Kinetoplastea: The novel genus Actuariola gen. nov. (Neobodonida) with description of the type species Actuariola framvarensis sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 2623-2635 (2005).

Svobodová, M. et al. Sergeia podlipaevi gen. nov., sp. nov. (Trypanosomatidae, Kinetoplastida), a parasite of biting midges (Ceratopogonidae, Diptera). Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 423-432 (2007).

Teixeira, M. M. G. et al. Phylogenetic validation of the genera Angomonas and Strigomonas of trypanosomatids harboring bacterial endosymbionts with the description of new species of trypanosomatids and of proteobacterial symbionts. Protist 162, 503-524 (2011).

von der Heyden, S., Chao, E. E., Vickerman, K. & Cavalier-Smith, T. Ribosomal RNA phylogeny of bodonid and diplonemid flagellates and the evolution of Euglenozoa. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 51, 402-416 (2004).

Walochnik, J. & Mulec, J. Free-living amoebae in carbonate precipitating microhabitats of karst caves and a new vahlkampfiid amoeba, Allovahlkampfia spelaea gen. nov., sp. nov. Acta Protozool. 48, 25-33 (2009).

Yabuki, A. et al. Tsukubamonas globosa n. gen., n. sp., a novel excavate flagellate possibly holding a key for the early evolution in “Discoba.” J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 58, 319-331 (2011).

Yubuki, N., Inagaki, Y., Nakayama, T. & Inouye, I. Ultrastructure and ribosomal RNA phylogeny of the free-living heterotrophic flagellate Dysnectes brevis n. gen., n. sp., a new member of the Fornicata. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 54, 191-200 (2007).

Yubuki, N. & Leander, B. S. Ultrastructure and molecular phylogeny of Stephanopogon minuta: An enigmatic microeukaryote from marine interstitial environments. Eur. J. Protistol. 44, 241-253 (2008).

Yubuki, N. et al. Cryptic diversity of free-living parabasalids, Pseudotrichomonas keilini and Lacusteria cypriaca n. g., n. sp., as inferred from small subunit rDNA sequences. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 57, 554-561 (2010).

References for Euglenophyceae

Brosnan, S., Brown, P. J. P., Farmer, M. A. & Triemer, R. E. Morphological separation of the euglenoid genera Trachelomonas and Strombomonas (Euglenophyta) based on lorica development and posterior strip reduction. J. Phycol. 41, 590-605 (2005).

Busse, I. & Preisfeld, A. Systematics of primary osmotrophic euglenids: A molecular approach to the phylogeny of Distigma and Astasia (Euglenozoa). Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 53, 617-624 (2003).

Larsen, J. & Patterson, D. J. in The Biology of Free-living Heterotrophic Flagellates (eds. Patterson, D. J. & Larsen, J.) 205-217 (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1991).

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Leedale, G. F. in The Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa, 2nd ed. (eds. Lee, J. J., Leedale, G. F. & Bradbury, P.) 1136-1157 (Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence, 2000).

Linton, E. W. et al. Reconstructing euglenoid evolutionary relationships using three genes: Nuclear SSU and LSU, and chloroplast SSU rDNA sequences and the description of Euglenaria gen. nov. (Euglenophyta). Protist 161, 603-619 (2010).

Marin, B., Palm, A., Klingberg, M. & Melkonian, M. Phylogeny and taxonomic revision of plastid-containing euglenophytes based on SSU rDNA sequence comparisons and synapomorphic signatures in the SSU rRNA secondary structure. Protist 154, 99-145 (2003).

Nakada, T. Nomenclatural notes on some ambiregnal generic names (comments to Özdikmen, 2009). Mun. Ent. Zool. 5, 204-208 (2010).

Özdikmen, H. Substitute names for some unicellular animal taxa (Protozoa). Mun. Ent. Zool. 4, 233-256 (2009).

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Triemer, R. E. et al. Phylogeny of the Euglenales based upon combined SSU and LSU rDNA sequence comparisons and description of Discoplastis gen. nov. (Euglenophyta). J. Phycol. 42, 731-740 (2006).

Yubuki, N., Edgcomb, V. P., Bernhard, J. M. & Leander, B. S. Ultrastructure and molecular phylogeny of Calkinsia aureus: Cellular identity of a novel clade of deep-sea euglenozoans with epibiotic bacteria. BMC Microbiol. 9, 16 (2009).

References for dinophytes

Calado, A. J. & Moestrup, Ø. On the freshwater dinoflagellates presently included in the genus Amphidinium, with a description of Prosoaulax gen. nov. Phycologia 44, 112-119 (2005).

Calado, A. J., Craveiro, S. C., Daugbjerg, N. & Moestrup, Ø. Ultrastructure and LSU rDNA-based phylogeny of Esoptrodinium gemma (Dinophyceae), with notes on feeding behavior and the description of the flagellar base area of a planozygote. J. Phycol. 42, 434-452 (2006).

Calado, A. J., Craveiro, S. C., Daugbjerg, N. & Moestrup, Ø. Description of Tyrannodinium gen. nov., a freshwater dinoflagellate closely related to the marine Pfiesteria-like species. J. Phycol. 45, 1195-1205 (2009).

Calado, A. J. & Huisman, J. M. Commentary: Gómez, F., Moreira, D., and López-García, P. (2010). Neoceratium gen. nov., a new genus for all marine species currently assigned to Ceratium (Dinophyceae). Protist 161: 35-54. Protist 161, 517-519 (2010).

Carbonell-Moore, M. C. On the taxonomy of the family Podolampadaceae Lindemann (Dinophyceae) with descriptions of three new genera. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 84, 73-99 (1994).

Carbonell-Moore, M. C. Gaarderiella, gen. nov., a new name to replace Gaarderia Carbonell-Moore (Peridiniales, Dinophyceae, Podolampadaceae). Phycologia 49, 402 (2010).

Coats, D. W., Kim, S., Bachvaroff, T. R., Handy, S. M. & Delwiche, C. F. Tintinnophagus acutus n. g., n. sp. (Phylum Dinoflagellata), an ectoparasite of the ciliate Tintinnopsis cylindrica Daday 1887, and its relationship to Duboscquodinium collini Grassé 1952. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 57, 468-482 (2010).

Coats, D. W., Bachvaroff, T. R. & Delwiche, C. F. Revision of the family Duboscquellidae with description of Euduboscquella crenulata n. gen., n. sp. (Dinoflagellata, Syndinea), an intracellular parasite of the ciliate Favella panamensis Kofoid & Campbell, 1929. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 59, 1-11 (2012).

Craveiro, S. C., Calado, A. J., Daugbjerg, M. & Moestrup, Ø. Ultrastructure and LSU rDNA-based revision of Peridinium group Palatinum (Dinophyceae) with the description of Palatinus gen. nov. J. Phycol. 45, 1175-1194 (2009).

Craveiro, S. C., Calado, A. J., Daugbjerg, N., Hansen, G. & Moestrup, Ø. Ultrastructure and LSU rDNA-based phylogeny of Peridinium lomnickii and description of Chimonodinium gen. nov. (Dinophyceae). Protist 162, 590-615 (2011).

Da, P. K. P., Zongo, F., Mascarell, G. & Couté, A. Bagredinium, a new genus of the Peridiniales (Dinophyta) of freshwater from Western Africa. Algol. Stud. 111, 45-61 (2004).

Daugbjerg, N., Hansen, G., Larsen, J. & Moestrup, Ø. Phylogeny of some of the major genera of dinoflagellates based on ultrastructure and partial LSU rDNA sequence data, including the erection of three new genera of unarmoured dinoflagellates. Phycologia 39, 302-317 (2000).

de Salas, M. F. et al. Takayama gen. nov. (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae), a new genus of unarmored dinoflagellates with sigmoid apical grooves, including the description of two new species. J. Phycol. 39, 1233-1246 (2003).

Dodge, J. D. & Lee, J. J. in The Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa, 2nd ed. (eds. Lee, J. J., Leedale, G. F. & Bradbury, P.) 656-689 (Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence, 2000).

Faust, M. A. & Steidinger, K. A. Bysmatrum gen. nov. (Dinophyceae) and three new combinations for benthic scrippsielloid species. Phycologia 37, 47-52 (1998).

Fensome, R. A. et al. A classification of living and fossil dinoflagellates. Micropaleontology, Special Publication 7 (Sheridan Press, Hanover, 1993).

Gómez, F., Moreira, D. & López-García, P. Neoceratium gen. nov., a new genus for all marine species currently assigned to Ceratium (Dinophyceae). Protist 161, 35-54 (2010).

Gómez, F. A genus name for the marine species of Ceratium. Reply to commentary by A. Calado and J. M. Huisman on Gómez, F., Moreira, D., and López-García, P. (2010). Neoceratium gen. nov., a new genus for all marine species currently assigned to Ceratium (Dinophyceae). Protist 161: 35-54. Protist 161, 520-522 (2010).

Greuter, W. et al. NCU-3: Names in Current Use for Extant Plant Genera. Regnum Veg. 129, xxvii + 1-1464 (1993).

Hansen, G., Daugbjerg, N. & Henriksen, P. Baldinia anauniensis gen. et sp. nov.: A ‘new’ dinoflagellate from Lake Tovel, N. Italy. Phycologia 46, 86-108 (2007).

Hansen, G. & Daugbjerg, N. Moestrupia oblonga gen. & comb. nov. (syn.: Gyrodinium oblongum), a new marine dinoflagellate genus characterized by light and electron microscopy, photosynthetic pigments and LSU rDNA sequence. Phycologia 50, 583-599 (2011).

Head, M. J., Harland, R. & Matthiessen, J. Cold marine indicators of the late Quaternary: The new dinoflagellate cyst genus Islandinium and related morphotypes. J. Quat. Sci. 16, 621-636 (2001).

Hoppenrath, M. & Selina, M. Pseudothecadinium campbellii gen. nov. et sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), a phototrophic, thecate, marine planktonic species found in the Sea of Okhotsk, Russia. Phycologia 45, 260-269 (2006).

Horiguchi, T. Amphidiniella sedentaria gen. et sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), a new sand-dwelling dinoflagellate from Japan. Phycol. Res. 43, 93-99 (1995).

Horiguchi, T. & Kubo, F. Roscoffia minor sp. nov. (Peridiniales, Dinophyceae): A new, sand-dwelling, armored dinoflagellate from Hokkaido, Japan. Phycol. Res. 45, 65-69 (1997).

Horiguchi, T., Yoshizawa-Ebata, J. & Nakayama, T. Halostylodinium arenarium gen et sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), a coccoid sand-dwelling dinoflagellate from subtropical Japan. J. Phycol. 36, 960-971 (2000).

Horiguchi, T. & Sukigara, C. Pyramidodinium atrofuscum gen. et sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), a new marine sand-dwelling coccoid dinoflagellate from tropical waters. Phycol. Res. 53, 247-254 (2005).

Horiguchi, T., Tamura, M., Katsumata, K. & Yamaguchi, A. Testudodinium gen. nov. (Dinophyceae), a new genus of sand-dwelling dinoflagellates formerly classified in the genus Amphidinium. Phycol. Res. 60, 137-149 (2012).

Jeong, H. J. et al. Stoeckeria algicida n. gen., n. sp. (Dinophyceae) from the coastal waters off southern Korea: Morphology and small subunit ribosomal DNA gene sequences. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 52, 382-390 (2005).

Jørgensen, M. F., Murray, S. & Daugbjerg, N. A new genus of athecate interstitial dinoflagellates, Togula gen. nov., previously encompassed within Amphidinium sensu lato: Inferred from light and electron microscopy and phylogenetic analyses of partial large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences. Phycol. Res. 52, 284-299 (2004).

Kang, N. S. et al. Description of a new planktonic mixotrophic dinoflagellate Paragymnodinium shiwhaense n. gen., n. sp. from the coastal waters off western Korea: Morphology, pigments, and ribosomal DNA gene sequence. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 57, 121-144 (2010).

Kang, N. S., Jeong, H. J., Moestrup, Ø. & Park, T. G. Gyrodiniellum shiwhaense n. gen., n. sp., a new planktonic heterotrophic dinoflagellate from the coastal waters of western Korea: Morphology and ribosomal DNA gene sequence. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 58, 284-309 (2011).

Kühn, S. F. & Medlin, L. K. The systematic position of the parasitoid marine dinoflagellate Paulsenella vonstoschii (Dinophyceae) inferred from nuclear-encoded small subunit ribosomal DNA. Protist 156, 393-398 (2005).

Levy, M. G. et al. Piscinoodinium, a fish-ectoparasitic dinoflagellate, is a member of the class Dinophyceae, subclass Gymnodiniphycidae: Convergent evolution with Amyloodinium. J. Parasitol. 93, 1006-1015 (2007).

Lindberg, K., Moestrup, Ø. & Daugbjerg, N. Studies on woloszynskioid dinoflagellates I: Woloszynskia coronata re-examined using light and electron microscopy and partial LSU rDNA sequences, with description of Tovellia gen. nov. and Jadwigia gen. nov. (Tovelliaceae fam. nov.). Phycologia 44, 416-440 (2005).

Litaker, R. W. et al. The reclassification of Pfiesteria shumwayae (Dinophyceae): Pseudopfiesteria gen. nov. J. Phycol. 41, 643-651 (2005).

Mason, P. L. et al. Description of a new genus of Pfiesteria-like dinoflagellate, Luciella gen. nov. (Dinophyceae), including two new species: Luciella masanensis sp. nov. and Luciella atlantis sp. nov. J. Phycol. 43, 799-810 (2007).

McLachlan, J. L., Boalch, G. T. & Jahn, R. Reinstatement of the genus Exuviaella (Dinophyceae, Prorocentrophycidae) and an assessment of Prorocentrum lima. Phycologia 36, 38-46 (1997).

Meier, K. J. S., Janofske, D. & Willems, H. New calcareous dinoflagellates (Calciodinelloideae) from the Mediterranean Sea. J. Phycol. 38, 602-615 (2002).

Moestrup, Ø., Hansen, G. & Daugbjerg, N. Studies on woloszynskioid dinoflagellates III: On the ultrastructure and phylogeny of Borghiella dodgei gen. et sp. nov., a cold-water species from Lake Tovel, N. Italy, and on B. tenuissima comb. nov. (syn. Woloszynskia tenuissima). Phycologia 47, 54-78 (2008).

Moestrup, Ø., Lindberg, K. & Daugbjerg, N. Studies on woloszynskioid dinoflagellates IV: The genus Biecheleria gen. nov. Phycol. Res. 57, 203-220 (2009).

Moestrup, Ø., Lindberg, K. & Daugbjerg, N. Studies on woloszynskioid dinoflagellates V: Ultrastructure of Biecheleriopsis gen. nov., with description of Biecheleriopsis adriatica sp. nov. Phycol. Res. 57, 221-237 (2009).

Montresor, M., Procaccini, G. & Stoecker, D. K. Polarella glacialis, gen. nov., sp. nov. (Dinophyceae): Suessiaceae are still alive! J. Phycol. 35, 186-197 (1999).

Murray, S. & Patterson, D. J. Cabra matta, gen. nov., sp. nov., a new benthic, heterotrophic dinoflagellate. Eur. J. Phycol. 39, 229-234 (2004).

Murray, S. et al. Phylogenetics of Rhinodinium broomeense gen. et sp. nov., a peridinioid, sand-dwelling dinoflagellate (Dinophyceae). J. Phycol. 42, 934-942 (2006).

Nakada, T. Nomenclatural notes on some ambiregnal generic names (comments to Özdikmen, 2009). Mun. Ent. Zool. 5, 204-208 (2010).

Nezan, E. & Chomerat, N. Vulcanodinium rugosum gen. et sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), un nouveau dinoflagellé marin de la côte méditerranéenne française. Cryptogam., Algol. 32, 3-18 (2011).

Özdikmen, H. Substitute names for some unicellular animal taxa (Protozoa). Mun. Ent. Zool. 4, 233-256 (2009).

Pavel, J. Bernardinium Chodat (Dinophyceae), an athecate dinoflagellate with reverse, right-handed course of the cingulum and transverse flagellum, and Esoptrodinium genus novum, its mirror-symmetrical pendant. Algol. Stud. 87, 29-42 (1997).

Saldarriaga, J. F., Leander, B. S., "Max" Taylor, F. J. R. & Keeling, P. J. Lessardia elongata gen. et sp. nov. (Dinoflagellata, Peridiniales, Podolampaceae) and the taxonomic position of the genus Roscoffia. J. Phycol. 39, 368-378 (2003).

Sampedro, N. et al. Barrufeta bravensis gen. nov. sp. nov. (Dinophyceae): A new bloom-forming species from the northwest Mediterranean Sea. J. Phycol. 47, 375-392 (2011).

Siano, R., Montresor, M., Probert, I., Not, F. & de Vargas, C. Pelagodinium gen. nov. and P. béii comb. nov., a dinoflagellate symbiont of planktonic foraminifera. Protist 161, 385-399 (2010).

Skovgaard, A., Massana, R. & Saiz, E. Parasitic species of the genus Blastodinium (Blastodiniphyceae) are peridinioid dinoflagellates. J. Phycol. 43, 553-560 (2007).

Sparmann, S. F., Leander, B. S. & Hoppenrath, M. Comparative morphology and molecular phylogeny of Apicoporus n. gen.: A new genus of marine benthic dinoflagellates formerly classified within Amphidinium. Protist 159, 383-399 (2008).

Steidinger, K. A. et al. Cryptoperidiniopsis brodyi gen. et sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), a small lightly armored dinoflagellate in the Pfiesteriaceae. J. Phycol. 42, 951-961 (2006).

Tamura, M. & Horiguchi, T. Pileidinium ciceropse gen. et sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), a sand-dwelling dinoflagellate from Palau. Eur. J. Phycol. 40, 281-291 (2005).

Tamura, M., Shimada, S. & Horiguchi, T. Galeidiniium rugatum gen. et sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), a new coccoid dinoflagellate with a diatom endosymbiont. J. Phycol. 41, 658-671 (2005).

Tillmann, U., Elbrächter, M., Krock, B., John, U. & Cembella, A. Azadinium spinosum gen. et sp. nov. (Dinophyceae) identified as a primary producer of azaspiracid toxins. Eur. J. Phycol. 44, 63-79 (2009).

Trigueros, J. M. Peridiniopsis salina (Peridiniales, Dinophyceae), a new species of brackish dinoflagellate from Urdaibai estuary, North Spain. Phycologia 39, 126-133 (2000).

References for Apicomplexa

Barta, J. R., Schrenzel, M. D., Carreno, R. & Rideout, B. A. The genus Atoxoplasma (Garnham 1950) as a junior objective synonym of the genus Isospora (Schneider 1881) species infecting birds and resurrection of Cystoisospora (Frenkel 1977) as the correct genus for Isospora species infecting mammals. J. Parasitol. 91, 726-727 (2005).

Carreno, R. A., Martin, D. S. & Barta, J. R. Cryptosporidium is more closely related to the gregarines than to coccidia as shown by phylogenetic analysis of apicomplexan parasites inferred using small-subunit robosomal RNA gene sequences. Parasitol. Res. 85, 899-904 (1999).

Cavalier-Smith, T. & Chao, E. E. Protalveolate phylogeny and systematics and the origins of Sporozoa and dinoflagellates (phylum Myzozoa nom. nov.). Eur. J. Protistol. 40, 185-212 (2004).

Ciancio, A. et al. Redescription of Cardiosporidium cionae (Van Gaver and Stephan, 1907) (Apicomplexa: Piroplasmida), a plasmodial parasite of ascidian haemocytes. Eur. J. Protistol. 44, 181-196 (2008).

Clopton, R. E. Calyxocephalus karyopera g. nov., sp. nov. (Eugregarinorida: Actinocephalidae: Actinocephalinae) from the Ebony Jewelwing Damselfly Calopteryx maculata (Zygoptera: Calopterygidae) in southeast Nebraska, U.S.A.: Implications for mechanical prey-vector stabilization of exogenous gregarine development. Comp. Parasitol. 71, 141-153 (2004).

Clopton, R. E., Cook, T. J. & Cook, J. L. Naiadocystis phykoterion n. gen., n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida: Hirmocystidae), from the Mexican pygmy grasshopper, Paratettix mexicanus (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae), in the Texas Big Thicket with recognition of three previously described species of Naiadocystis. J. Parasitol. 90, 301-307 (2004).

Clopton, R. E., Cook, T. J. & Cook, J. L. Trichurispora wellgundis n. g., n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida: Hirmocystidae) parasitizing adult water scavenger beetles, Tropisternus collaris (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) in the Texas Big Thicket. Comp. Parasitol. 75, 82-91 (2008).

Clopton, R. E. & Nolte, C. M. Clitellocephalus americanus n. gen., n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida: Gregarinidae) from Cratacanthus dubius (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Harpalinae) in the Nebraska Sandhills and Clitellocephalus ophoni n. comb. (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida: Gregarinidae) from Ophonus pubescens (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Harpalinae) in Sète, France. J. Parasitol. 88, 750-757 (2002).

Corbel, J.-C. Grégarines nouvelles parasites d'orthoptères. Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. (2e série) 39, 992-996 (1968).

Jirků, M., Modrý, D., Šlapeta, J. R., Koudela, B. & Lukeš, J. The phylogeny of Goussia and Choleoeimeria (Apicomplexa; Eimeriorina) and the evolution of excystation structures in Coccidia. Protist 153, 379-390 (2002).

Jirků, M., Jirků, M., Oborník, M., Lukeš, J. & Modrý, D. Goussia Labbé, 1896 (Apicomplexa, Eimeriorina) in Amphibia: Diversity, biology, molecular phylogeny and comments on the status of the genus. Protist 160, 123-136 (2009).

Kula, R. R. & Clopton, R. E. Amoebogregarina nigra n. gen., n. comb. (Apicomplexa: Gregarinidae) from adult Melanoplus differentialis (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in southeastern Nebraska. J. Parasitol. 85, 321-325 (1999).

Lipa, J. J. & Triggiani, O. Apicystis gen nov and Apicystis bombi (Liu, Macfarlane & Pengelly) comb nov (Protozoa: Neogregarinida), a cosmopolitan parasite of Bombus and Apis (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Apidologie 27, 29-34 (1996).

Modrý, D. et al. Phylogenetic position of a renal coccidium of the European green frogs, 'Isospora' lieberkuehniLabbé, 1894 (Apicomplexa: Sarcocystidae) and its taxonomic implications. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 51, 767-772 (2001).

Özdikmen, H. Substitute names for some unicellular animal taxa (Protozoa). Mun. Ent. Zool. 4, 233-256 (2009).

Perkins, F. O., Barta, J. R., Clopton, R. E., Peirce, M. A. & Upton, S. J. in The Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa, 2nd ed. (eds. Lee, J. J., Leedale, G. F. & Bradbury, P.) 190-369 (Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence, 2000).

Reichard, M. V., Van Den Bussche, R. A., Meinkoth, J. H., Hoover, J. P. & Kocan, A. A. A new species of Cytauxzoon from Pallas' cats caught in Mongolia and comments on the systematics and taxonomy of piroplasmids. J. Parasitol. 91, 420-426 (2005).

Rueckert, S. & Leander, B. S. Molecular phylogeny and surface morphology of marine archigregarines (Apicomplexa), Selenidium spp., Filipodium phascolosomae n. sp., and Platyproteum n. g. and comb. from north-eastern pacific peanut worms (Sipuncula). J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 56, 428-439 (2009).

Rueckert, S. & Leander, B. S. Description of Trichotokara nothriae n. gen. et sp. (Apicomplexa, Lecudinidae) - An intestinal gregarine of Nothria conchylega (Polychaeta, Onuphidae). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 104, 172-179 (2010).

Simdyanov, T. G. Difficilina cerebratuli gen. et sp. n. (Eugregarinida: Lecudinidae): A new gregarine species from the nemertean Cerebratulus barentsi (Nemertini: Cerebratulidae). Parazitologia 43, 273-287 (2009).

Votýpka, J., Lantová, L., Ghosh, K., Braig, H. & Volf, P. Molecular characterization of gregarines from sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) and description of Psychodiella n. g. (Apicomplexa: Gregarinida). J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 56, 583-588 (2009).

Wünschmann, A. et al. Renal infection by a new coccidian genus in big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus). J. Parasitol. 96, 178-183 (2010).

References for Ciliophora

Alekperov, I. K. Gymnocyclidium nabranicum gen. et sp. nov. (Gymnocyclidiidae fam nov.) (Scuticociliatida, Ciliophora), a new freshwater ciliate from North-Eastern Azerbaijan. Protistology 6, 14-18 (2009).

Bourland, W. A. & Strüder-Kypke, M. C. Agolohymena aspidocauda nov. gen., nov. spec., a histophagous freshwater tetrahymenid ciliate in the family Deltopylidae (Ciliophora, Hymenostomatia), from Idaho (northwest U.S.A.): Morphology, ontogenesis and molecular phylogeny. Eur. J. Protistol. 46, 221-242 (2010).

Bourland, W. A., Vďaćný, P., Davis, M. C. & Hampikian, G. Morphology, morphometrics, and molecular characterization of Bryophrya gemmea n. sp. (Ciliophora, Colpodea): Implications for the phylogeny and evolutionary scenario for the formation of oral ciliature in the order Colpodida. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 58, 22-36 (2011).

Breiner, H.-W., Foissner, W. & Stoeck, T. The search finds an end: Colpodidiids belong to the class Nassophorea (Ciliophora). J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 55, 100-102 (2008).

Chen, X., Dong, J., Lin, X. & Al-Rasheid, K. A. S. Morphology and phylogeny of a new urostylid ciliate, Monocoronella carnea n. g., n. sp. (Ciliophora, Hypotricha) from Daya Bay, Southern China. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 58, 497-503 (2011).

Chen, X. et al. Morphology and infraciliature of two new marine ciliates, Paracyrtophoron tropicum nov. gen., nov. spec. and Aegyria rostellum nov. spec. (Ciliophora, Cyrtophorida), isolated from tropical waters in southern China. Eur. J. Protistol. 48, 63-72 (2012).

Fan, X., Miao, M., Al-Rasheid, K. A. S. & Song, W. A new genus of marine scuticociliate (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from northern China, with a brief note on its phylogenetic position inferred from small subunit ribosomal DNA sequence data. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 56, 577-582 (2009).

Fan, X., Hu, X., Al-Farraj, S. A., Clamp, J. C. & Song, W. Morphological description of three marine ciliates (Ciliophora, Scuticociliatia), with establishment of a new genus and two new species. Eur. J. Protistol. 47, 186-196 (2011).

Foissner, W., Kusuoka, Y. & Shimano, S. Morphology and gene sequence of Levicoleps biwae n. gen., n. sp. (Ciliophora, Prostomatida), a proposed endemic from the ancient Lake Biwa, Japan. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 55, 185-200 (2008).

Foissner, W., Quintela-Alonso, P. & Al-Rasheid, L. Soil ciliates from Saudi Arabia, including descriptions of two new genera and six new species. Acta Protozool. 47, 317-352 (2008).

Foissner, W., Blake, N., Wolf, K., Breiner, H.-W. & Stoeck, T. Morphological and molecular characterization of some peritrichs (Ciliophora: Peritrichida) from tank bromeliads, including two new genera: Orborhabdostyla and Vorticellides. Acta Protozool. 48, 291-319 (2009).

Foissner, W. & Stoeck, T. Morphological and molecular characterization of a new protist family, Sandmanniellidae n. fam. (Ciliophora, Colpodea), with description of Sandmanniella terricola n. g., n. sp. from the Chobe floodplain in Botswana. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 56, 472-483 (2009).

Foissner, W. Life cycle, morphology, ontogenesis, and phylogeny of Bromeliothrix metopoides nov. gen., nov. spec., a peculiar ciliate (Protista, Colpodea) from tank bromeliads (Bromeliaceae). Acta Protozool. 49, 159-193 (2010).

Foissner, W., Shi, X., Wang, R. & Warren, A. A reinvestigation of Neokeronopsis populations, including the description of N. asiatica nov. spec. (Ciliophora, Hypotricha). Acta Protozool. 49, 87-105 (2010).

Foissner, W. & Stoeck, T. Cotterillia bromelicola nov. gen., nov. spec., a gonostomatid ciliate (Ciliophora, Hypotricha) from tank bromeliads (Bromeliaceae) with de novo originating dorsal kineties. Eur. J. Protistol. 47, 29-50 (2011).

Foissner, W., Stoeck, T., Agatha, S. & Dunthorn, M. Intraclass evolution and classification of the Colpodea (Ciliophora). J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 58, 397-415 (2011).

Fokam, Z., Ngassam, P., Strüder-Kypke, M. C. & Lynn, D. H. Genetic diversity and phylogenetic position of the subclass Astomatia (Ciliophora) based on a sampling of six genera from West African oligochaetes (Glossoscolecidae, Megascolecidae), including description of the new genus Paraclausilocola n. gen. Eur. J. Protistol. 47, 161-171 (2011).

Gong, J. et al. Taxonomic redescriptions of two ciliates, Protogastrostyla pulchra n. g., n. comb. and Hemigastrostyla enigmatica (Ciliophora: Spirotrichea, Stichotrichia), with phylogenetic analyses based on 18S and 28S rRNA gene sequences. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 54, 468-478 (2007).

He, Y. & Xu, K. Morphology and small subunit rDNA phylogeny of a new soil ciliate, Bistichella variabilis n. sp. (Ciliophora, Stichotrichia). J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 58, 332-338 (2011).

Ji, D. & Kusuoka, Y. A description of Apocarchesium rosettum n. gen., n. sp. and a redescription of Ophrydium eichornii Ehrenberg, 1838, two freshwater peritrichous ciliates from Japan. Eur. J. Protistol. 45,21-28 (2009).

Jiang, J. & Song, W. Two new Diophrys-like genera and their type species, Apodiophrys ovalis n. g., n. sp. and Heterodiophrys zhui n. g., n. sp. (Ciliophora: Euplotida), with notes on their molecular phylogeny. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 57, 354-361 (2010).

Jiang, J., Warren, A. & Song, W. Morphology and molecular phylogeny of two new marine euplotids, Pseudodiophrys nigricans n. g., n. sp., and Paradiophrys zhangi n. sp. (Ciliophora: Euplotida). J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 58, 437-445 (2011).

Küppers, G. C. et al. An Antarctic hypotrichous ciliate, Parasterkiella thompsoni (Foissner) nov. gen., nov. comb., recorded in Argentinean peat-bogs: Morphology, morphogenesis, and molecular phylogeny. Eur. J. Protistol. 47, 103-123 (2011).

Li, L., Song, W. & Hu, X. Two marine hypotrichs from north China, with description of Spiroamphisiella hembergeri gen. nov., spec. nov. (Ciliophora, Hypotricha). Acta Protozool. 46, 107-120 (2007).

Li, L., Song, W., Al-Rasheid, L. A. S., Hu, X. & Al-Quraishy, S. A. Redescription of a poorly known marine ciliate, Leptoamphisiella vermis Gruber, 1888 n. g., n. comb. (Ciliophora, Stichotrichia, Pseudoamphisiellidae), from the Yellow Sea, China. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 54, 527-534 (2007).

Li, L. et al. Two discocephalid ciliates, Paradiscocephalus elongatus nov. gen., nov. spec. and Discocephalus ehrenbergi Dragesco, 1960, from the Yellow Sea, China (Ciliophora, Hypotrichida, Discocephalidae). Acta Protozool. 47, 353-362 (2008).

Li, L. et al. A redescription of the marine hypotrichous ciliate, Nothoholosticha fasciola (Kahl, 1932) nov. gen., nov. comb. (Ciliophora: Urostylida) with brief notes on its cellular reorganization and SS rRNA gene sequence. Eur. J. Protistol. 45, 237-248 (2009).

Li, L. et al. Apogastrostyla rigescens (Kahl, 1932) gen. nov., comb. nov. (Ciliophora, Hypotricha): Morphology, notes on cell division, SSU rRNA gene sequence data, and neotypification. Acta Protozool. 49, 195-212 (2010).

Li, L., Khan, S. N., Ji, D., Shin, M. K. & Berger, H. Morphology and small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene sequence of the new brackish water ciliate Neobakuella flava n. g., n. sp. (Ciliophora, Spirotricha, Bakuellidae) and SSU rRNA gene sequences of six additional hypotrichs from Korea. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 58, 339-351 (2011).

Liu, W., Yi, Z., Lin, X. & Al-Rasheid, K. A. S. Morphologic and molecular data suggest that Lynnella semiglobulosa n. g., n. sp. represents a new family within the subclass Choreotrichia (Ciliophora, Spirotrichea). J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 58, 43-49 (2011).

Lynn, D. H. & Small, E. B. in The Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa, 2nd Edn. (eds. Lee, J. J., Leedale, G. F. & Bradbury, P.) 371-656 (Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence, 2000).

Lynn, D. H. The Ciliated Protozoa: Characterization, Classification, and Guide to the Literature, 3rd Edn. (Springer, New York, 2008).

Miao, M. et al. Further consideration of the phylogeny of some “traditional” heterotrichs (Protista, Ciliophora) of uncertain affinities, based on new sequences of the small subunit rRNA gene. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 56, 244-250 (2009).

Miao, M., Wang, Y., Song, W., Clamp, J. C. & Al-Rasheid, K. A. S. Description of Eurystomatella sinica n. gen., n. sp., with establishment of a new family Eurystomatellidae n. fam. (Protista, Ciliophora, Scuticociliatia) and analyses of its phylogeny inferred from sequences of the small-subunit rRNA gene. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 460-468 (2010).

Oertel, A., Wolf, K., Al-Rasheid, L. & Foissner, W. Revision of the genus Coriplites Foissner, 1988 (Ciliophora: Haptorida), with description of Apocoriplites nov. gen. and three new species. Acta Protozool. 47, 231-246 (2008).

Orsi, W. et al. Class Cariacotrichea, a novel ciliate taxon from the anoxic Cariaco Basin, Venezuela. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62, 1425-1433 (2012).

Peng, X., Shi, X. & Warren, A. Establishment of a new peritrich ciliate genus, Pseudepistylis n. gen. (Ciliophora: Peritrichia: Epistylididae), with a description of a new freshwater species, Pseudepistylis songi n. sp. from Wenzhou, China. Zootaxa 1524, 35-45 (2007).

Shao, C. et al. Morphogenesis in the marine spirotrichous ciliate Apokeronopsis crassa (Clapparède & Lachmann, 1858) n. comb. (Ciliophora: Stichotrichia), with the establishment of a new genus, Apokeronopsis n. g., and redefinition of the genus Thigmokeronopsis. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 54, 392-401 (2007).

Shao, C., Song, W., Al-Rasheid, K. A. S. & Berger, H. Redefinition and reassignment of the 18-cirri genera Hemigastrostyla, Oxytricha, Urosomoida, and Actinotricha (Ciliophora, Hypotricha), and description of one new genus and two new species. Acta Protozool. 50, 263-287 (2011).

Song, W., Wilbert, N., Li, L. & Zhang, Q. Re-evaluation on the diversity of the polyphyletic genus Metaurostylopsis (Ciliophora, Hypotricha): Ontogenetic, morphologic, and molecular data suggest the establishment of a new genus Apourostylopsis n. g. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 58, 11-21 (2011).

Tokiwa, T. et al. A new entodiniomorphid ciliate, Troglocorys cava n. g., n. sp., from the wild eastern chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) from Uganda. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 56, 115-120 (2010).

Xu, L. & Lei, Y. A new spirofilid ciliate from the Yellow Sea: Metastrongylidium distichum n. gen., n. sp. (Ciliophora, Stichotrichia). Acta Protozool. 46, 121-129 (2007).

Xu, Y., Li, J., Gao, F., Hu, X. & Al-Rasheid, K. A. S. Apotrachelocerca arenicola (Kahl, 1933) n. g., comb. n. (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Trachelocercidae): Morphology and phylogeny. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 58, 504-510 (2011).

Zhan, Z., Xu, K., Warren, A. & Gong, Y. Reconsideration of phylogenetic relationships of the subclass Peritrichia (Ciliophora, Oligohymenophorea) based on small subunit ribosomal RNA gene suquences, with the establishment of a new subclass Mobilia Kahl, 1933. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 56, 552-558 (2009).

References for residual alveolates

Cavalier-Smith, T. & Chao, E. E. Protalveolate phylogeny and systematics and the origins of Sporozoa and dinoflagellates (phylum Myzozoa nom. nov.). Eur. J. Protistol. 40, 185-212 (2004).

Fensome, R. A. et al. A classification of living and fossil dinoflagellates. Micropaleontology, Special Publication 7 (Sheridan Press, Hanover, 1993).

Dodge, J. D. & Lee, J. J. in The Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa, 2nd ed. (eds. Lee, J. J., Leedale, G. F. & Bradbury, P.) 656-689 (Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence, 2000).

Moore, R. B. et al. A photosynthetic alveolate closely related to apicomplexan parasites. Nature 451, 959-963 (2008).

Oborník, M. et al. Morphology, ultrastructure and life cycle of Vitrella brassicaformis n. sp., n. gen., a novel chromerid from the Great Barrier Reef. Protist 163, 306-323 (2012).

Whisler, H. C. in Handbook of Protoctista (eds. Margulis, L., Corliss, J. O., Melkonian, M. & Chapman, D. J.) 715-719 (Jones and Bartlett, Boston, 1990).

References for Cryptobiontes

Clay, B. L., Kugrens, P. & Lee, R. E. A revised classification of Cryptophyta. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 131, 131-151 (1999).

Compàre, P. Report of the Committee for Algae: 8. Taxon 53, 1065-1067 (2004).

Deane, J. A., Strachan, I. M., Saunders, G. W., Hill, D. R. A. & McFadden, G. I. Cryptomonad evolution: Nuclear 18S rDNA phylogeny versus cell morphology and pigmentation. J. Phycol. 38, 1236-1244 (2002).

Hoef-Emden, K. & Melkonian, M. Revision of the genus Cryptomonas (Cryptophyceae): A combination of molecular phylogeny and morphology provides insights into a long-hidden dimorphism. Protist 154, 371-409 (2003).

Kugrens, P., Lee, R. E. & Hill, D. R. A. in The Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa, 2nd ed. (eds. Lee, J. J., Leedale, G. F. & Bradbury, P.) 1111-1125 (Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence, 2000).

Laza-Martínez, A. Urgorri complanatus gen. et sp. nov. (Cryptophyceae), a red-tide-forming species in brackish waters. J. Phycol. 48, 423-435 (2012).

McDonald, S. M., Sarno, D., Scanlan, D J. & Zingone, A. Genetic diversity of eukaryotic ultraphytoplankton in the Gulf of Naples during an annual cycle. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 50, 75-89 (2007).

Novarino, G. & Gilbert, M. G. (1515) Proposal to conserve the name Cryptochloris J. Schiller (Cryptophyceae) against Cryptochloris Benth. (Poaceae). Taxon 51, 181-182 (2002).

Novarino, G. A companion to the identification of cryptomonad flagellates (Cryptophyceae = Cryptomonadea). Hydrobiologia 502, 225-270 (2003).

Okamoto, N. & Inouye, I. Hatena arenicola gen. et sp. nov., a katablepharid undergoing probable plastid acquisition. Protist 157, 401-419 (2006).

Okamoto, N. & Inouye, I. The katablepharids are a distant sister group of the Cryptophyta: A proposal for Katablepharidophyta divisio nova/ Katablepharida phylum novum based on SSU rDNA and beta-tubulin phylogeny. Protist 156, 163-179 (2005).

Okamoto, N., Chantangsi, C., Horák, A., Leander, B. S. & Keeling, P. J. Molecular phylogeny and description of the novel katablepharid Roombia truncata gen. et sp. nov., and establishment of the Hacrobia taxon nov. PLoS ONE 4, e7080 (2009).

Özdikmen, H. Substitute names for some unicellular animal taxa (Protozoa). Mun. Ent. Zool. 4, 233-256 (2009).

References for straminipilous Fungi

Bala, K. et al. Phytopythium sindhum. Persoonia 24, 136-137 (2010).

Cooke, D. E. L., Drenth, A., Duncan, J. M., Wagels, G. & Brasier, C. M. A molecular phylogeny of Phytophthora and related oomycetes. Fungal Genet. Biol. 30, 17-32 (2000).

Dick, M. W. Straminipilous Fungi: Systematics of the Peronosporomycetes Including Accounts of the Marine Straminipilous Protists, the Plasmodiophorids and Similar Organisms (Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, 2001).

Hulvey, J., Telle, S., Nigrelli, L., Lamour, K. & Thines, M. Salisapiliaceae - a new family of oomycetes from marsh grass litter of southeastern North America. Persoonia 25, 109-116 (2010).

Kirk, P. M., Cannon, P. F., Minter, D. W. & Stalpers, J. A. eds. Dictionary of Fungi, 10th Edn. (CABI International, Wallingford, 2008).

Leander, C. A. & Porter, D. Redefining the genus Aplanochytrium (phylum Labyrinthulomycota). Mycotaxon 76, 439-444 (2000).

Muraosa, Y., Morimoto, K., Sano, A., Nishimura, K. & Hatai, K. A new peronosporomycete, Halioticida noduliformans gen. et sp. nov., isolated from white nodules in the abalone Haliotis spp. from Japan. Mycoscience 50, 106-115 (2009).

Riethmüller, A., Weiß, M. & Oberwinkler, F. Phylogenetic studies of Saprolegniomycetidae and related groups based on nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences. Can. J. Bot. 77, 1790-1800 (1999).

Thines, M. & Spring, O. A revision of Albugo (Chromista, Peronosporomycetes). Mycotaxon 92, 443-458 (2005).

Uzuhashi, S., Tojo, M. & Kakishima, M. Phylogeny of the genus Pythium and description of new genera. Mycoscience 51, 337-365 (2010).

Yokoyama, R. & Honda, D. Taxonomic rearrangement of the genus Schizochytrium sensu lato based on morphology, chemotaxonomic characteristics, and 18S rRNA gene phylogeny (Thraustochytriaceae, Labyrinthulomycetes): Emendation for Schizochytrium and erection of Aurantiochytrium and Oblongichytrium gen. nov. Mycoscience 48, 199-211 (2007).

Yokoyama, R., Salleh, B. & Honda, D. Taxonomic rearrangement of the genus Ulkenia sensu lato based on morphology, chemotaxonomical characteristics, and 18S rRNA gene phylogeny (Thraustochytriaceae, Labyrinthulomycetes): Emendation for Ulkenia and erection of Botryochytrium, Parietichytrium, and Sicyoidochytrium gen. nov. Mycoscience 48, 329-341 (2007).

References for straminipilous Protozoa

Cavalier-Smith, T. & Chao, E. E.-Y. Phylogeny and megasystematics of phagotrophic heterokonts (kingdom Chromista). J. Mol. Evol. 62, 388-420 (2006).

Delvinquier, B. L. J. & Patterson, D. J. in The Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa, 2nd ed. (eds. Lee, J. J., Leedale, G. F. & Bradbury, P.) 754-759 (Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence, 2000).

Gómez, F., Moreira, D., Benzerara, K. & López-García, P. Solenicola setigera is the first characterized member of the abundant and cosmopolitan uncultured marine stramenopile group MAST-3. Environ. Microbiol. 13, 193-202 (2011).

Kim, E., Yubuki, N., Leander, B. S. & Graham, L. E. Ultrastructure and 18S rDNA phylogeny of Apoikia lindahlii comb. nov. (Chrysophyceae) and its epibiontic protists, Filos agilis gen. et sp. nov. (Bicosoecida) and Nanos amicus gen. et sp. nov. (Bicosoecida). Protist 161, 177-196 (2009).

Mikrjukov, K. A. & Patterson, D. J. Taxonomy and phylogeny of Heliozoa. III. Actinophryids. Acta Protozool. 40, 3-25 (2001).

Park, J. S., Cho, B. C. & Simpson, A. G. B. Halocafeteria seosinensis gen. et sp. nov. (Bicosoecida), a halophilic bacterivorous nanoflagellate isolated from a solar saltern. Extremophiles 10, 493-504 (2006).

Yubuki, N., Leander, B. S. & Silberman, J. D. Ultrastructure and molecular phylogenetic position of a novel phagotrophic stramenopile from low oxygen environments: Rictus lutensis gen. et sp. nov. (Bicosoecida, incertae sedis). Protist 161, 264-278 (2010).

References for Chrysophyceae

Andersen, R. A. in Unravelling the Algae: The Past, Present, and Future of Algal Systematics (eds. Brodie, J. & Lewis, J.) 285-313 (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2007).

Cavalier-Smith, T. & Chao, E. E.-Y. Phylogeny and megasystematics of phagotrophic heterokonts (kingdom Chromista). J. Mol. Evol. 62, 388-420 (2006).

Findenig, B. M., Chatzinotas, A. & Boenigk, J. Taxonomic and ecological characterization of stomatocysts of Spumella-like flagellates (Chrysophyceae). J. Phycol. 46, 868-881 (2010).

Kristiansen, J. & Preisig, H. R. (eds.) Encyclopedia of chrysophyte genera. Bibliotheca Phycologica 110, 1-260 (2001).

Wujek, D. E. & Thompson, R. H. The genera Uroglena, Uroglenopsis, and Eusphaerella (Chrysophyceae). Phycologia 41, 293-305 (2002).

References for Xanthophyceae

Andreoli, C. et al. Pseudopleurochloris antarctica gen. et sp. nov., a new coccoid xanthophycean from pack-ice of Wood Bay (Ross Sea, Antarctica): Ultrastructure, pigments and 18S rRNA gene sequence. Eur. J. Phycol. 34, 149-159 (1999).

Bailey, J. C., Bidigare, R. R., Christensen, S. J. & Andersen, R. A. Phaeothamniophyceae classis nova: A new lineage of chromophytes based upon photosynthetic pigments, rbcL sequence analysis and ultrastructure. Protist 149, 245-263 (1998).

Ettl, H. Süsswasserflora von Mitteleuropa, Bd. 3, 1. Teil, Xanthophyceae (Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart, 1978).

Kristiansen, J. & Preisig, H. R. (eds.) Encyclopedia of chrysophyte genera. Bibliotheca Phycologica 110, 1-260 (2001).

Maistro, S., Broady, P. A., Andreoli, C. & Negrisolo, E. Phylogeny and taxonomy of Xanthophyceae (Stramenopiles, Chromalveolata). Protist 160, 412-426 (2009).

Massyuk, N. P. & Guk, L. C. Novij rìd ì žovtozelenih vodorostej (Pedinomonadopsis minor gen. et sp. nov.). Ukr. Bot. Zhur. 40, 82-84 (1983) (in Ukrainian).

Rieth, A. Süsswasserflora von Mitteleuropa, Bd. 3, 2. Teil, Xanthophyceae (VEB Gustav Fischer, Jena, 1980).

Silva, P. C. Review of the taxonomic history and nomenclature of the yellow-green algae. Arch. Protistenkd. 121, 20-63 (1979).

References for some ochrophytes

Andersen, R. A. & Preisig, H. R. in The Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa, 2nd ed. (eds. Lee, J. J., Leedale, G. F. & Bradbury, P.) 733-743 (Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence, 2000).

Booth, B. C. & Marchant, H. J. Parmale, a new order of marine chrysophytes, with descriptions of three new genera and seven new species. J. Phycol. 23, 245-260 (1987).

Brown, J. W. & Sorhannus, U. A molecular genetic timescale for the diversification of autotrophic stramenopiles (Ochrophyta): Substantive underestimation of putative fossil ages. PLoS ONE 5, e12759 (2010).

Cavalier-Smith, T. & Chao, E. E.-Y. Phylogeny and megasystematics of phagotrophic heterokonts (kingdom Chromista). J. Mol. Evol. 62, 388-420 (2006).

Edvardsen, B. et al. Verrucophora farcimen gen. et sp. nov. (Dictyochophyceae, Heterokonta) - A bloom-forming ichthyotoxic flagellate from the Skagerrak, Norway. J. Phycol. 43, 1054-1070 (2007).

Eikrem, W., Edvardsen, B. & Throndsen, J. Renaming Verrucophora farcimen Eikrem, Edvardsen et Throndsen. Phycol. Res. 57, 170 (2009).

Guillou, L. et al. Bolidomonas: A new genus with two species belonging to a new algal class, the Bolidophyceae (Heterokonta). J. Phycol. 35, 368-381 (1999).

Hegewald, E., Padisák, J. & Friedl, T. Pseudotetraëdriella kamillae: Taxonomy and ecology of a new member of the algal class Eustigmatophyceae (Stramenopiles). Hydrobiologia 586, 107-116 (2007).

Heywood, P. & Leedale, G. F. in The Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa, 2nd ed. (eds. Lee, J. J., Leedale, G. F. & Bradbury, P.) 744-751 (Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence, 2000).

Hibberd, D. J. Notes on the taxonomy and nomenclature of the algal classes Eustigmatophyceae and Tribophyceae (synonym Xanthophyceae). Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 82, 93-119 (1981).

Honda, D., Kawachi, M. & Inouye, I. Sulcochrysis biplastida gen. et sp. nov.: Cell structure and absolute configuration of the flagellar apparatus of an enigmatic chromophyte alga. Phycol. Res. 43, 1-16 (1995).

Honda, D. et al. Homologs of the sexually induced gene 1 (sig1) product constitute the stramenopile mastigonemes. Protist 158, 77-88 (2007).

Horiguchi, T. Haramonas dimorpha gen. et sp. nov. (Raphidophyceae), a new marine raphidophyte from Australian mangrove. Phycol. Res. 44, 143-150 (1996).

Horn, S. et al. Synchroma grande spec. nov. (Synchromophyceae class. nov., Heterokontophyta): An amoeboid marine alga with unique plastid complexes. Protist 158, 277-293 (2007).

Hosoi-Tanabe, S. et al. Proposal of Pseudochattonella verruculosa gen. nov., comb. nov. (Dictyochophyceae) for a formar raphidophycean alga Chattonella verruculosa, based on 18S rDNA phylogeny and ultrastructural characteristics. Phycol. Res. 55, 185-192 (2007).

Kai, A., Yoshii, Y., Nakayama, T. & Inouye, I. Aurearenophyceae classis nova, a new class of Heterokontophyta based on a new marine unicellular alga Aurearena cruciata gen. et sp. nov. inhabiting sandy beaches. Protist 159, 435-457 (2008).

Kawachi, M. et al. The Pinguiophyceae classis nova, a new class of photosynthetic stramenopiles whose members produce large amounts of omega-3 fatty acids. Phycol. Res. 50, 31-47 (2002).

Kawai, H., Maeba, S., Sasaki, H., Okuda, K. & Henry, E. C. Schizocladia ischiensis: A new filamentous marine chromophyte belonging to a new class, Schizocladiophyceae. Protist 154, 211-228 (2003).

Kristiansen, J. & Preisig, H. R. (eds.) Encyclopedia of chrysophyte genera. Bibl. Phycol. 110, 1-260 (2001).

Maistro, S., Broady, P. A., Andreoli, C. & Negrisolo, E. Phylogeny and taxonomy of Xanthophyceae (Stramenopiles, Chromalveolata). Protist 160, 412-426 (2009).

Moestrup, Ø. in The Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa, 2nd ed. (eds. Lee, J. J., Leedale, G. F. & Bradbury, P.) 776-778 (Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence, 2000).

Moestrup, Ø. in The Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa, 2nd ed. (eds. Lee, J. J., Leedale, G. F. & Bradbury, P.) 778-782 (Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence, 2000).

Preisig, H. R. in Chrysophyte Algae: Ecology, Phylogeny and Development (eds. Sandgren, C. D., Smol, J. P. & Kristiansen, J.) 46-74 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995).

Sekiguchi, H., Kawachi, M., Nakayama, T. & Inouye, I. A taxonomic re-evaluation of the Pedinellales (Dictyochophyceae), based on morphological, behavioural and molecular data. Phycologia 42, 165-182 (2003).

Yamaguchi, H., Nakayama, T., Murakami, A. & Inouye, I. Phylogeny and taxonomy of the Raphidophyceae (Heterokontophyta) and Chlorinimonas sublosa gen. et sp. nov., a new marine sand-dwelling raphidophyte. J. Plant Res. 123, 333-342 (2010).

References for prasinophytes

Guillou, L. et al. Diversity of picoplanktonic prasinophytes assessed by direct nuclear SSU rDNA sequencing of environmental samples and novel isolates retrieved from oceanic and coastal marine ecosystems. Protist 155, 193-214 (2004).

Jones, H. L. J., Leadbeater, B. S. C. & Green, J. C. An ultrastructural study of Marsupiomonas pelliculata gen. et sp. nov., a new member of the Pedinophyceae. Eur. J. Phycol. 29, 171-181 (1994).

Marin, B. & Melkonian, M. Molecular phylogeny and classification of the Mamiellophyceae class. nov. (Chlorophyta) based on sequence comparisons of the nuclear- and plastid-encoded rRNA operons. Protist 161, 304-336 (2010).

Massjuk, N. P. Chlorodendrophyceae class. nov. (Chlorophyta, Viridiplantae) in the Ukrainian flora: I. The volume, phylogenetic relations and taxonomical status. Ukr. Botan. Journ. 63, 601-614 (2006).

Melkonian, M. in Handbook of Protoctista (eds. Margulis, L., Corliss, J. O., Melkonian, M. & Chapman, D. J.) 600-607 (Jones and Bartlett, Boston, 1990).

Moestrup, Ø. Further studies of presumedly primitive green algae, including the description of Pedinophyceae class. nov. and Resultor gen. nov. J. Phycol. 27, 119-133 (1991).

Moestrup, Ø. in The Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa, 2nd Edn. (eds. Lee, J. J., Leedale, G. F. & Bradbury, P.) 731-733 (Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence, 2000).

Moestrup, Ø. in The Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa, 2nd Edn. (eds. Lee, J. J., Leedale, G. F. & Bradbury, P.) 1253-1268 (Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence, 2000).

Nakayama, T., Suda, S., Kawachi, M. & Inouye, I. Phylogeny and ultrastructure of Nephroselmis and Pseudoscourfieldia (Chlorophyta), including the description of Nephroselmis anterostigmatica sp. nov. and a proposal for the Nephroselmidales ord. nov. Phycologia 46, 680-697 (2007).

Zechman, F. W. et al. An unrecognized ancient lineage of green plants persists in deep marine waters. J. Phycol. 46, 1288-1295 (2010).

References for Trebouxiophyceae

Aslam, Z., Shin, W., Kim, M. K., Im, W.-T. & Lee, S.-T. Marinichlorella kaistiae gen. et sp. nov. (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta) based on polyphasic taxonomy. J. Phycol. 43, 576-584 (2007).

Bock, C., Pröschold, T. & Krienitz, L. Two new Dictyosphaerium-morphotype lineages of the Chlorellaceae (Trebouxiophyceae): Heynigia gen. nov. and Hindakia gen. nov. Eur. J. Phycol. 45, 267-277 (2010).

Bock, C., Pröschold, T. & Krienitz, L. Updating the genus Dictyosphaerium and description of Mucidosphaerium gen. nov. (Trebouxiophyceae) based on morphological and molecular data. J. Phycol. 47, 638-652 (2011).

Bock, C., Pažoutová, M. & Krienitz, L. Phylogenetic position of Coronastrum ellipsoideum and description of Parachlorella hussii sp. nov. Biologia, Bratislava 66, 585-594 (2011).

Darienko, T. et al. Chloroidium, a common terrestrial coccoid green alga previously assigned to Chlorella (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta). Eur. J. Phycol. 45, 79-95 (2010).

Eliáš, M. & Neustupa, J. Pseudomarvania, gen. nov. (Chlorophyta, Trebouxiophyceae), a new genus for “budding” subaerial green algae Marvania aerophytica Neustupa et Šejnohová and Stichococcus ampulliformis Handa. Fottea 9, 169-177 (2009).

Friedl, T. Inferring taxonomic positions and testing genus level assignments in coccoid green lichen algae: A phylogenetic analysis of 18S ribosomal RNA sequences from Dictyochloropsis reticulata and from members of the genus Myrmecia (Chlorophyta, Trebouxiophyceae cl. nov.). J. Phycol. 31, 632-639 (1995).

Friedl, T. & O'Kelly, C. J. Phylogenetic relationships of green algae assigned to the genus Planophila (Chlorophyta): Evidence from 18S rDNA sequence data and ultrastructure. Eur. J. Phycol. 37, 373-384 (2002).

Krienitz, L., Bock, C., Luo, W. & Pröschold, T. Polyphyletic origin of the Dictyosphaerium morphotype within Chlorellaceae (Trebouxiophyceae). J. Phycol. 46, 559-563 (2010).

Krienitz, L. & Bock, C. Elongatocystis ecballocystiformis gen. et comb. nov., and some reflections on systematics of Oocystaceae (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta). Fottea 11, 271-278 (2011).

Krienitz, L., Bock, C., Kotut, K. & Pröschold, T. Genotypic diversity of Dictyosphaerium-morphospecies (Chlorellaceae, Trebouxiophyceae) in African inland waters, including the description of four new genera. Fottea 12, 231-253 (2012).

Lewis, L. A. & McCourt, R. M. Green algae and the origin of land plants. Am. J. Bot. 91, 1535-1556 (2004).

Lokhorst, G. M., Star, W. & Zuccarello, G. C. New genus Koliellopsis (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta): Its phylogenetic position inferred from ultrastructure and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences. Phycol. Res. 52, 235-243 (2004).

Luo, W., Pröschold, T., Bock, C. & Krienitz, L. Generic concept in Chlorella-related coccoid green algae (Chlorophyta, Trebouxiophyceae). Plant Biol. 12, 545-553 (2009).

Neustupa, J., Němcová, Y., Eliáš, M. & Škaloud, P. Kalinella bambusicola gen. et sp. nov. (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta), a novel coccoid Chlorella-like subaerial alga from Southeast Asia. Phycol. Res. 57, 159-169 (2009).

Neustupa, J., Eliáš, M., Škaloud, P., Němcová, Y. & Šejnohová, L. Xylochloris irregularis gen. et sp. nov. (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta), a novel subaerial coccoid green alga. Phycologia 50, 57-66 (2011).

Pažoutová, M., Škaloud, P. & Nemjová, K. Phylogenetic position of Ooplanctella planoconvexa, gen. et comb. nova and Echinocoleum elegans (Oocystaceae, Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta). Fottea 10, 75-82 (2010).

Pröschold, T., Bock, C., Luo, W. & Krienitz, L. Polyphyletic distribution of bristle formation in Chlorellaceae: Micractinium, Diacanthos, Didymogenes and Hegewaldia gen. nov. (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta). Phycol. Res. 58, 1-8 (2010).

Rindi, F. et al. Molecular phylogeny of the green algal order Prasiolales (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta). J. Phycol. 43, 811-822 (2007).

Skaloud, P. & Peksa, O. Evolutionary inferences based on ITS rDNA and actin sequences reveal extensive diversity of the common lichen alga Asterochloris (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 54, 36-46 (2010).

Somogyi, B. et al. Chloroparva pannonica gen. et sp. nov. (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta) - A new picoplanktonic green alga from a turbid, shallow soda pan. Phycologia 50, 1-10 (2011).

References for charophytes

Bicudo, C. E. M. Prescottiella, a new genus of asymmetrical desmids (Chlorophyceae). J. Phycol. 12, 22-24 (1976).

Bicudo, C. E. M. & Mercante, C. T. J. Croasdalea, a new genus of asymmetrical desmid Zygnemaphyceae. Crypt. Bot. 3, 270-272 (1993).

Drummond, C. S., Hall, J., Karol, K. G. & Delwiche, C. F. Phylogeny of Spirogyra and Sirogonium (Zygnematophyceae) based on rbcL sequence data. J. Phycol. 41, 1055-1064 (2005).

Gontcharov, A. A., Marin, B. & Melkonian, M. Molecular phylogeny of cunjugating green algae (Zygnemophyceae, Streptophyta) inferred from SSU rDNA sequence comparisons. J. Mol. Evol. 56, 89-104 (2003).

Gontcharov, A. A. & Melkonian, M. Unusual position of the genus Spirotaenia (Zygnematophyceae) among streptophytes revealed by SSU rDNA and rbcL sequence comparisons. Phycologia 43, 105-113 (2004).

Gontcharov, A. A. Phylogeny and classification of Zygnematophyceae (Streptophyta): Current state of affairs. Fottea 8, 87-104 (2008).

Gontcharov, A. A. & Melkonian, M. Molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Netrium (Zygnematophyceae, Streptophyta): Nucleotaenium gen. nov. J. Phycol. 46, 346-362 (2010).

Lewis, L. A. & McCourt, R. M. Green algae and the origin of land plants. Am. J. Bot. 91, 1535-1556 (2004).

Marin, B. & Melkonian, M. Mesostigmatophyceae, a new class of streptophyte green algae revealed by SSU rRNA sequence comparisons. Protist 150, 399-417 (1999).

McCourt, R. M., Karol, K. G., Casanova, M. T. & Feist, M. Monophyly of genera and species of Characeae based on rbcL sequences, with special reference to Australian and European Lychnothamnus barbatus (Characeae: Charophyceae). Aust. J. Bot. 47,361-369 (1999).

Mikhailyuk, T. I. et al. New streptophyte algae from terrestrial habitats and an assessment of the genus Interfilum (Klebsormidiophyceae, Streptophyta). J. Phycol. 44, 1586-1603 (2008).

Rogers, C. E., Mattox, K. R. & Stewart, K. D. The zoospore of Chlorokybus atmophyticus, a charophyte with sarcinoid growth habit. Am. J. Bot. 67, 774-783 (1980).

Williamson, D. B. A proposed new desmid genus Cruciangulum and descriptions of three new desmid species from rock pools in the Western Cape, South Africa. Algl. Stud. 93, 55-62 (1999).

References for bryophytes

Cano, M. J., Jiménez, J. A., Gallego, M. T. & Jiménez, J. F. Guerramontesia microdonta (Pottiaceae, Bryophyta) a new monotypic genus from South America. Syst. Bot. 35, 453-460 (2010).

Crandall-Stotler, B., Stotler, R. E. & Long, D. G. in Bryophyte Biology, 2nd Edn. (eds. Goffinet, B. & Shaw, A. J.) 1-54 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2009).

Engel, J. J. & Glenny, D. Austral Hepaticae 43. Castanoclobos, a new genus of Trichocoleaceae from New Zealand. Novon 17, 424-428 (2007).

Engel, J. J., He, X. & Glenny, D. Studies in Lophocoleaceae XXII. The systematic position of Amphilophocolea R. M. Schust. together with comments on the status of Tetracymbaliella Grolle and Lamellocolea R. M. Schust. Phytotaxa 9, 41-52 (2010).

Goffinet, B., Buck, W. R. & Shaw, A. J. in Bryophyte Biology, 2nd Edn. (eds. Goffinet, B. & Shaw, A. J.) 55-138 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2009).

Greuter, W. et al. NCU-3: Names in Current Use for Extant Plant Genera. Regnum Veg. 129, xxvii + 1-1464 (1993).

Hedderson, T. A. & Zander, R. H. Vrolijkheidia circumscissa (Pottiaceae), a new moss genus and species from the Succulent Karoo of South Africa. J. Bryol. 30, 143-146 (2008).

Hedderson, T. A. & Zander, R. H. Algaria nataliei (Pottiaceae), a new moss genus and species from the Western Cape Province of South Africa. J. Bryol. 30, 192-195 (2008).

He-Nygrén, X., Juslén, A., Ahonen, I., Glenny, D. & Piippo, S. Illuminating the evolutionary history of liverworts (Marchantiophyta) - Towards a natural classification. Cladistics 22, 1-31 (2006).

Huttunen, S. & Ignatov, M. S. Evolution and taxonomy of aquatic species in the genus Rhynchostegium (Brachytheciaceae, Bryophyta). Taxon 59, 791-808 (2010).

Ignatov, M. S. Bryophytes of St Helena, South Atlantic Ocean. 3. Sainthelenia, a new genus of Brachytheciaceae (Bryophyta). Arctoa 17, 91-100 (2008).

Ignatov, M. S. et al. Further taxonomic rearrangements in the Brachytheciaceae (Bryophyta): Frahmiella, a new genus segregated from Rhynchostegiella. Trop. Bryol. 31, 61-66 (2010).

Iwatsuki, Z., Ramsay, H. R. & Fife, A. J. A new genus Austrohondaella (Bryopsida, Hypnaceae) from Australasia. Telopea 12, 361-369 (2009).

Pedensen, N. & Hedenäs, L. Taxonomic and nomenclatural implications of phylogenetic studies of the Bryaceae based on molecular data and morphology. Bryologist 108, 123-128 (2005).

Pedensen, N. Validation of Imbribryum (Bryaceae). Bryologist 108, 449 (2005).

Renzaglia, K. S., Villarreal, J. C. & Duff, R. J. in Bryophyte Biology, 2nd Edn. (eds. Goffinet, B. & Shaw, A. J.) 139-171 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2009).

Sawicki, J., Plášek, V. & Szczecińska, M. Molecular studies resolve Nyholmiella (Orthotrichaceae) as a separate genus. J. Syst. Evol. 48, 183-194 (2010).

Shaw, A. J. et al. Newly resolved relationships in an early land plant lineage: Bryophyta class Sphagnopsida (peat mosses). Am. J. Bot. 97, 1511-1531 (2010).

Söderström, L., De Roo, R. & Hedderson, T. Taxonomic novelties resulting from recent reclassification of the Lophoziaceae/Scapaniaceae clade. Phytotaxa 3, 47-53 (2010).

Söderström, L., Gradstein, S. R. & Hagborg, A. Checklist of the hornworts and liverworts of Java. Phytotaxa 9, 53-149 (2010).

Stech, M. & Frey, W. A morpho-molecular classification of the mosses (Bryophyta). Nova Hedwigia 86, 1-21 (2008).

Vilnet, A. A., Konstantinova, N. A. & Troitsky, A. V. Phylogeny and systematics of the genus Lophozia s. str. (Dumort.) Dumort. (Hepaticae) and related taxa from nuclear ITS1-2 and chloroplast trnL-F sequences. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 47, 403-418 (2008).

References for ferns

Christenhusz, M. J. M., Zhang, X.-C. & Schneider, H. A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns. Phytotaxa 19, 7-54 (2011).

Farr, E. R., Leussink, J. A. & Stafleu, F. A. (eds.) Index Nominum Genericorum (Plantarum), Vol. I: Aa - Epochnium. Regnum Veg. 100, xxvi + 1-630 (1979).

Mabberley, D. J. Mabberley's Plant-Book: A Portable Dictionary of Plants, their Classification and Uses, 3rd Edn. (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2008).

References for Gymnospermae

Adams, R. P., Bartel, J. A. & Price, R. A. A new genus, Hesperocyparis, for the cypresses of the western hemisphere (Cupressaceae). Phytologia 91, 160-185 (2009).

Christenhusz, M. J. M. et al. A new classification and linear sequence of extant gymnosperms. Phytotaxa 19, 55-70 (2011).

Debreczy, Z., Musial, K., Price, R. A. & Rácz, I. Relationships and nomenclatural status of the Nootka Cypress (Callitropsis nootkatensis, Cupressaceae). Phytologia 91, 140-159 (2009).

Eckenwalder, J. E. Conifers of the World: The Complete Reference (Timber Press, Portland, 2009).

Farjon, A. World Checklist and Bibliogaphy of Conifers, 2nd Edn. (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 2001).

Little, D. P. Evolution and circumscription of the true cypresses (Cupressaceae: Cupressus). Syst. Bot. 31, 461-480 (2006).

Mabberley, D. J. Mabberley's Plant-Book: A Portable Dictionary of Plants, their Classification and Uses, 3rd Edn. (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2008).

Mill, R. R. & Farjon, A. (1710) Proposal to conserve the name Xanthocyparis against Callitropsis Oerst. (Cupressaceae). Taxon 55, 227-238 (2006).

Won, H. & Renner, S. S. Horizontal gene transfer from flowering plants to Gnetum. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 10824-10829 (2003).

References for Angiospermae

Christenhusz, M. J. M. et al. Petenaeaceae, a new angiosperm family in Huerteales with a distant relationship to Gerrardina (Gerrardinaceae). Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 164, 16-25 (2010).

Davis, J. I. et al. A phylogeny of the monocots, as inferred from rbcL and atpA sequence variation, and a comparison of methods for calculating jackknife and bootstrap values. Syst. Bot. 29, 467-510 (2004).

Doweld, A. & Reveal, J. L. New suprageneric names for vascular plants. Phytologia 90, 416-417 (2008).

Farr, E. R., Leussink, J. A. & Stafleu, F. A. (eds.) Index Nominum Genericorum (Plantarum), Vol. III: Pegaeophyton - Zyzygium. Regnum Veg. 102, 1277-1896 (1979).

Greuter, W. et al. NCU-3: Names in Current Use for Extant Plant Genera. Regnum Veg. 129, xxvii + 1-1464 (1993).

Mabberley, D. J. Mabberley's Plant-Book: A Portable Dictionary of Plants, their Classification and Uses, 3rd Edn. (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2008).

Möller, M. et al. A new delineation for Oreocharis incorporating an additional ten genera of Chinese Gesneriaceae. Zootaxa 23, 1-36 (2011).

Rapini, A., Fontella Pereira, J. & Goyder, D. J. Towards a stable generic circumscription in Oxypetalinae (Apocynaceae). Phytotaxa 26, 9-16 (2011).

Reveal, J. L. (1923) Proposal to conserve the name Mitrastemon (Rafflesiaceae) with that spelling. Taxon 59, 299-300 (2010).

Schäferhoff, B. et al. Towards resolving Lamiales relationships: Insights from rapidly evolving chloroplast sequences. BMC Evol. Biol. 10, 352 (2010).

Shang, C. & Huang, J. Chengiopanax - A new genus of Araliaceae. Bull. Bot. Res. 13, 44-49 (1993).

Skog, L. E. & Kvist, L. P. Novae Gesneriaceae Neotropicarum IX: Cremospermopsis, a new genus from Colombia. Novon 12, 262-269 (2002).

Thorne, R. F. & Reveal, J. L. An updated classification of the class Magnoliopsida (&dlquo;Angiospermae&drquo;). Bot. Rev. 73, 67-181 (2007).

Weber, A., Wei, Y.-G., Sontag, S. & Möller, M. Inclusion of Metabriggsia into Hemiboea (Gesneriaceae). Zootaxa 23, 37-48 (2011).

References for Rhodophyta

Clarkston, B. E. & Saunders, G. W. An examination of the red algal genus Pugetia (Kallymeniaceae, Gigartinales), with descriptions of Salishia firma gen. & comb. nov., Pugetia cryptica sp. nov. and Beringia wynnei sp. nov. Phycologia 51, 33-61 (2012).

De Luca, P., Taddei, R. & Varano, L. Cyanidioschyzon merolae: A new alga of thermal acidic environments. Webbia 33, 37-44 (1978).

Hommersand, M. H., Leister, G. L., Ramírez, M. E., Gabrielson, P. W. & Nelson, W. A. A morphological and phylogenetic study of Glaphyrosiphon gen. nov. (Halymeniaceae, Rhodophyta) based on Grateloupia intestinalis with descriptions of two new species: Glaphyrosiphon lindaueri from New Zealand and Glaphyrosiphon chilensis from Chile. Phycologia 49, 554-573 (2010).

Huisman, J. M., De Clerck, O., Prud'homme Van Reine, W. F. & Borowitzka, M. A. Spongophloea, a new genus of red algae based on Thamnoclonium sect. Nematophorae Weber-van Bosse (Halymeniales). Eur. J. Phycol. 46, 1-15 (2011).

Kim, M. S. & Cho, G. Y. A new red algal parasite, Symphyocolax koreana gen. et sp. nov. (Rhodomelaceae, Ceramiales), from Korea. Algae 25, 105-113 (2010).

Kraft, G. T. & Saunders, G. W. Taxonomic and molecular studies of the family Sebdeniaceae (Sebdeniales, Rhodophyta): New species of Lesleigha gen. nov. and Crassitegula from Hawaii, east Asia and Lord Howe Island. Eur. J. Phycol. 46, 416-441 (2011).

Krayesky, D. M., Norris, J. N., Gabrielson, P. W., Gabriel, D. & Fredericq, S. A new order of red algae based on the Peyssonneliaceae, with an evaluation of the ordinal classification of the Florideophyceae (Rhodophyta). Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 122, 364-391 (2009).

Kushibiki, A. et al. New unicellular red alga, Bulboplastis apyrenoidosa gen. et sp. nov. (Rhodellophyceae, Rhodophyta) from the mangroves of Japan: Phylogenetic and ultrastructural observations. Phycol. Res. 60, 114-122 (2012).

Le Gall, L., Payri, C. E., Bittner, L. & Saunders, G. W. Multigene phylogenetic analyses support recognition of the Sporolithales ord. nov. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 54, 302-305 (2010).

Lin, S.-M., Yang, S.-Y. & Huisman, J. M. Systematics of Liagora with diffuse gonimoblasts based on rbcL sequences and carposporophyte development, including the description of the new genera Neoizziella and Macrocarpus (Liagoraceae, Rhodophyta). Eur. J. Phycol. 46, 249-262 (2011).

Lin, S.-M., Nelson, W. A. & Hommersand, M. H. Hymenenopsis heterophylla gen. et sp. nov. (Delesseriaceae, Rhodophyta) from New Zealand, based on a red alga previously known as Hymenena palmata f. marginata sensu Kylin, with emphasis on its cystocarp development. Phycologia 51, 62-73 (2012).

Lozada-Troche, C., Ballantine, D. L. & Ruiz, H. Cresia opalescens gen. et sp. nov. (Rhodymeniaceae, Rhodophyta) from Puerto Rico, Caribbean Sea. Cryptogam., Algol. 31, 293-303 (2010).

Nelson, W. A., Leister, G. L. & Hommersand, M. H. Psilophycus alveatus gen. et comb. nov., a basal taxon in the Gigartinaceae (Rhodophyta) from New Zealand. Phycologia 50, 219-231 (2011).

Schneider, C. W. & Wynne, M. J. A synoptic review of the classification of red algal genera a half century after Kylin's “Die Gattungen der Rhodophyceen.” Bot. Mar. 50, 197-249 (2007).

Schneider, C. W., Chengsupanimit, T. & Saunders, G. W. A new genus and species from the North Atlantic, Archestenogramma profundum (Phyllophoraceae, Rhodophyta), with taxonomic resolution of the orphaned Leptofauchea brasiliensis. Eur. J. Phycol. 46, 442-452 (2011).

Silva, P. C. Comments on the commentary by Kraft & Saunders [Phycologia 39: 258-261 (2000)]. Phycologia 41, 99-100 (2002).

Sutherland, J. E. et al. A new look at an ancient order: Generic revision of the Bangiales (Rhodophyta). J. Phycol. 47, 1131-1151 (2011).

West, J. A., Zuccarello, G. C., Scott, J. L., West, K. A. & de Goer, S. L. Corrigendum: Correction to paper by West et al., Phycologia 46(3): 237-246 (2007). Phycologia 46, 478 (2007).

West, J. A. et al. Rhodachlya madagascarensis gen. et sp. nov.: A distinct acrochaetioid represents a new order and family (Rhodachlyales ord. nov., Rhodachlyaceae fam. nov.) of the Florideophyceae (Rhodophyta). Phycologia 47, 203-212 (2008).

Wynne, M. J. & Schneider, C. W. Addendum to the synoptic review of red algal genera. Bot. Mar. 53, 291-299 (2010).

Yang, E. C. et al. New taxa of the Porphyridiophyceae (Rhodophyta): Timspurckia oligopyrenoides gen. et sp. nov. and Erythrolobus madagascarensis sp. nov. Phycologia 49, 604-616 (2010).

Yokoyama, A. et al. Corynoplastis japonica gen. et sp. nov. and Dixoniellales ord. nov. (Rhodellophyceae, Rhodophyta) based on morphological and molecular evidence. Phycol. Res. 57, 278-289 (2009).

Zuccarello, G. C., West, J. A. & Kikuchi, N. Phylogenetic relationships within the Stylonematales (Stylonematophyceae, Rhodophyta): Biogeographic patterns do not apply to Stylonema alsidii. J. Phycol. 44, 384-393 (2008).

References for Glaucocystophyta

Kies, L. & Kremer, B. P. Typification of the Glaucocystophyta. Taxon 35, 128-133 (1986).

References for Haptophyta

Andruleit, H. & Young, J. R. Kataspinifera baumannii: A new genus and species of deep photic coccolithophores resembling the non-calcifying haptophyte Chrysochromulina. J. Micropalaeontol. 29, 135-147 (2010).

Bollmann, J., Cortés, M. Y., Kleijne, A., Østergaard, J. B. & Young, J. R. Solisphaera gen. nov. (Prymnesiophyceae), a new coccolithophore genus from the lower photic zone. Phycologia 45, 465-477 (2006).

Christensen, T. Annotations to a textbook of phycology. Bot. Tidsskrift 73, 65-70 (1978).

Couapel, M. J. J., Beaufort, L. & Young, J. R. A new Helicosphaera-Syracolithus combination coccosphere (Haptophyta) from the western mediterranean sea. J. Phycol. 45, 914-916 (2009).

Edvardsen, B. et al. Phylogenetic reconstructions of the Haptophyta inferred from 18S ribosomal DNA sequences and available morphological data. Phycologia 39, 19-35 (2000).

Edvardsen, B. & Medlin, L. K. in Unravelling the Algae: The Past, Present, and Future of Algal Systematics (eds. Brodie, J. & Lewis, J.) 183-196 (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2007).

Jordan, R. W., Cros, L. & Young, J. R. A revised classification scheme for living haptophytes. Micropaleontology 50, 55-79 (2004).

Nakayama, T., Yoshida, M., Noël, M.-H., Kawachi, M. & Inouye, I. Ultrastructure and phylogenetic position of Chrysoculter rhomboideus gen. et sp. nov. (Prymnesiophyceae), a new flagellate haptophyte from Japanese coastal waters. Phycologia 44, 369-383 (2005).

van der Veer, J. & Leewis, R. J. Pavlova ennorea sp. nov., a haptophycean alga with a dominant palmelloid phase, from England. Acta Botanica Neerlandica 26, 159-176 (1977).

Yoshida, M., Noël, H.-M., Nakayama, T., Naganuma, Y. & Inouye, I. A haptophte bearing siliceous scales: Ultrastructure and phylogenetic position of Hyalolithus neolepis gen. et sp. nov. (Prymnesiophyceae, Haptophyta). Protist 157, 213-234 (2006).

References for Eucarya incertae sedis

Cavalier-Smith, T. Protist phylogeny and the high-level classification. Eur. J. Protistol. 39, 338-348 (2003).

Cavalier-Smith, T. The excavate protozoan phyla Metamonada Grassé emend. (Anaeromonadea, Parabasalia, Carpediemonas, Eopharyngia) and Loukozoa emend. (Jakobea, Malawimonas): Their evolutionary affinities and new higher taxa. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 53, 1741-1758 (2003).

Cavalier-Smith, T. & von der Heyden, S. Molecular phylogeny, scale evolution and taxonomy of centrohelid heliozoa. J. Mol. Evol. 44, 1186-1203 (2007).

Cavalier-Smith, T., Chao, E., Stechmann, A., Oates, B. & Nikolaev, S. Planomonadida ord. nov. (Apusozoa): Ultrastructural affinity with Micronuclearia podoventralis and deep divergences within Planomonas gen. nov. Protist 159, 535-562 (2008).

Cavalier-Smith, T. & Chao, E. E. Phylogeny and evolution of Apusomonadida (Protozoa: Apusozoa): New genera and species. Protist 161, 549-576 (2010).

Esteban, G. F., Clarke, K. J. & Finlay, B. J. Paraluffisphaera tuba gen. n., sp. n. - a newly-discovered eukaryote. Acta Protozool. 44, 265-270 (2005).

Glücksman, E. et al. The novel marine gliding zooflagellate genus Mantamonas (Mantamonadida ord. n.: Apusozoa). Protist 162, 207-221 (2011).

Heiss, A. A., Walker, G. & Simpson, A. G. B. Clarifying the taxonomic identity of a phylogenetically important group of eukaryotes: Planomonas is a junior synonym of Ancyromonas. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 57, 285-293 (2010).

Saffo, M. B., McCoy, A. M., Rieken, C. & Slamovits, C. H. Nephromyces, a beneficial apicomplexan symbiont in marine animals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 107, 16190-16195 (2010).

Yabuki, A., Inagaki, Y. & Ishida, K. Palpitomonas bilix gen. et sp. nov.: A novel deep-branching heterotroph possibly related to Archaeplastida or Hacrobia. Protist 161, 523-538 (2010).